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Enviro 24-25 > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is soil made from

A

Sand, silt, and clay.
humus
nutrients
water and air
living organisms

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2
Q

what is humus

A

the main org. part of soil

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3
Q

why is soil important

A

-a medium for growing plants
-breaks down org. matter & recycles nutrients
-a habitat for organisms
-filters water
-stores carbon

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4
Q

what is weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces

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5
Q

what are the types of weathering

A

-physical (wind, rain, freezing/thawing of ice)
-biological (roots of trees crack rocks)
-chemical (acid rain, Acids from moss/lichen)

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6
Q

weathering rocks =

A

soil formation

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7
Q

what is erosion

A

transport of weathered rock fragments by wind and rain. carried to new locations and deposited

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8
Q

types of soil formation

A

-from above
-from below

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9
Q

From above soil formation

A

Break down of org. matter adds humus to soil. erosion deposits sites soil particles from other areas, adding to soil

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10
Q

from below soil formation

A

weathering from parent material produces smaller and smaller fragments that make up the inorganic part of soil. (silt, sand, clay, minerals)

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11
Q

effects on soil formation

A

-parent material
-topography
-climate
-organisms

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12
Q

how does parent material effect soil formation

A

Ph, nutrient levels

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13
Q

how does topography effect soil formation

A

steep slope= too much erosion
level slope= deposition

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14
Q

how does climate effect soil formation

A

-warmer climate= faster breakdown of org. matter
-more precip.=more weathering, erosion, + deposits

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15
Q

soil horizons

A

O-horizon
A-horizon
B-horizon
C-horizon

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16
Q

O-horizon characteristics

A

layer of org. matter on top of soil. provides nutrients to soil

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17
Q

A-horizon (topsoil) characteristics

A

layer of humus and minerals from parent material.

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18
Q

B-horizon (subsoil) characteristics

A

lighter (in color) layer below topsoil, mostly made of minerals w/ little to no org. material

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19
Q

C-horizon (substratum)

A

least weathered soil that is closest to the parent material or bedrock. composed of rock fragments (no org. material)

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20
Q

what soil horizon has the most biological activity

A

A-horizon

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21
Q

what is soil degration

A

the loss of the ability to support plant growth

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22
Q

what is/causes loss of topsoil

A

Tilling and loss of vegetation disturbs soil and makes it more easily eroded by wind and rain. (dries out soil and removes nutrients)

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23
Q
A
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23
Q

what is/what causes compaction

A

compression of soil by machines, grazing livestock, and humans reduces ability to hold water

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24
Q

what is/what causes nutrient depletion

A

Repeatedly growing crops on the same soil removes the nutrients overtime

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25
Q

darker soil has _____ nutrients

A

more

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26
Q

Particle size in soil

A

-geological (rock) parts of soil is made up of 3 particles
-(biggest to smallest) sand>silt>clay

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27
Q

what is soil texture

A

the % of sand, silt, and clay (in that order) in soil

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28
Q

what does bigger pore spaces mean in soil

A

sand has the biggest pores, this allows air/water to enter the soil easily

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29
Q

What does smaller pore sizes mean

A

clay has the smallest pores, so it’s harder for air/water to enter clay heavy soil

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30
Q

what is porosity

A

the pore space within a soil

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31
Q

what is permeability

A

-how easily water drains through soil

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32
Q

higher porosity=

A

higher permeability (positive correlation)

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33
Q

what is H20 holding capacity

A

how well water is retained or held by soil.

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34
Q

the less H20 capacity=

A

the more porous (inverse or negative correlation)

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35
Q

how does porosity effect soil fertility

A

-soil that is too porous (sandy) drains water too quickly for roots
-clay heavy soil, doesn’t let water down to roots/ waterlog.

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36
Q

what is the name of the ideal soil for most plants

A

loam

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37
Q

soil texture chart tips

A

-always start on bottom with sand
-move up and to the left
-then do clay
-make sure it adds up to 100

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38
Q

soil fertility

A

the ability of soil to support plant growth

39
Q

what is soil fertility based on

A

nutrients and water\

40
Q

what are the main nutrients in soil

A

-nitrogen (N)
-Phosphorus (P)
-potassium (K)
-magnesium (mg 2+)
-calcium (Ca 2+)
-sodium (Na +)

41
Q

factors that increase soil nutrients

A

-org. matter
-Humus
-decomposer activity
-clay
-basic PH

42
Q

factors that decrease soil nutrients

A

-Acids/ Ph
-Excessive rain/ irrigation
-excessive farming
-topsoil erosion

43
Q

factors that increase H20 holding capacity

A

-Aerated soil
-Compost/humus/org. matter
-clay content
-root structure

44
Q

factors that decrease H20 holding capacity

A

-compact soil
-topsoil erosion
-sand
-root loss

45
Q

why does clay increase nutrient levels

A

neg. charged clay binds pos. charged nutrients

46
Q

core

A

dense mass of solid and liquid iron, nickel, and radioactive elements that release massive amounts of heat

47
Q

mantel

A

solid/semi-solid layer of rock/magma surrounding the core

48
Q

Athemosphere

A

the flexible outer layer of the mantel

49
Q

Lithosphere

A

thin brittle layer of rock that includes the mantel and crust (forms the tectonic plates)

50
Q

crust

A

very outer layer of the lithosphere, the earths surface

51
Q

plate boundries

A

divergent
convergent
transform fault

52
Q

divergent plate boundary

A

plates that are moving apart from each other. rising magma from mantle forces plates apart.

53
Q

what does a divergent plate boundary cause

A

mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, seafloor spreading, rift valleys, and earth quakes

54
Q

convergent plate boundary

A

plates that move towards each other. leads to subduction

55
Q

Subduction

A

one plate being forced under another

56
Q

what does a convergent plate boundary cause

A

mountains, island arcs, eathquakes, and volcanoes

57
Q

what does a transform fault plate boundary cause

A

earthquakes

58
Q

Transform fault plate boundary

A

plates sliding past each other in opposite directions

59
Q

Types of convergent plate boundaries

A

oceanic-oceanic
oceanic-continental
continental-continental

60
Q

oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary

A

one plate subducts under the other, causing mid-ocean volcanoes, island arcs, off-shore trenches

61
Q

Oceanic-continental convergent boundary

A

dense oceanic plate subducts under the other forming coastal mountains (andes), volcanoes on land, trenches, and tsunami

62
Q

Continental-continental convergent boundary

A

one plate subducts under another forming mountains (Himalayas)

63
Q

how does a transform fault boundary cause earthquakes

A

plates sliding past each other creates fault, and the edges get stuck. pressure builds as the plates try to keep sliding, when stress overcomes the locked fault, plates suddenly release, shaking the lithosphere and causing an earthquake.

64
Q

ring of fire

A

pattern of volcanoes and earthquakes all around the pacific plate

65
Q

transform fault are most likely the location of..

A

earthquakes

66
Q

What are hotspots

A

areas of especially hot magma rising up to the lithosphere. causes mid-ocean islands (Hawaii , Iceland )

67
Q

Atmosphere circulation is due to

A

-most solar radiation is at equator
-density properties of air
-rotation of earth (coriolis effect)

68
Q

what are the properties of air

A

-warm air is less dense so it rises
-warm air holds more moisture than cold air
-cool air is more dense so it sinks

69
Q

hadly cell steps

A
  1. most direct sunlight at equator warms air
  2. warm air rises, cool, and produces rain
  3. air continues to rise, cool, and expand
  4. cooling and expanding, air spreads out
  5. dry air sinks back down to earth at 30 degreed N/S
70
Q

30 degrees N/S =

A

high pressure

71
Q

0 degrees=

A

low pressure

72
Q

coriolis effect

A

deflection of objects traveling through the atm. due to the spin of the earth

73
Q

which way does earth spin?

A

Counterclockwise

74
Q

wind between 0-30 degrees N/S deflects..

A

west (eastern trade winds)

75
Q

wind between 30-60 degrees N/S deflects..

A

east (westerlies)

76
Q

wind between 60-90 degrees N/S deflects..

A

west (polar easterlies)

77
Q

gasses in earths atm.

A

-nitrogen (78%)
-oxygen (21%)
-argon (1%)
-water vapor (0-4%)
-c02 (0.04%)

78
Q

Troposphere

A

tropo=change (weather)
0-16 km, most dense.
ozone is harmful in the this layer

79
Q

stratosphere

A

”s” for second
16-60km less dense
ozone layer is found here, absorbs uv radiation

80
Q

Mesosphere

A

meso=middle
60-80km, even less dense

81
Q

thermosphere

A

therm=hottest
absorbs x-rays and uv-radiation and the charged gas molecules glow causing the northern lights

82
Q

exosphere

A

outermost layer where atm. merges with space

83
Q

temperature gradient

A

Troposphere- decreases (further from earths warm surface)
stratosphere-increases (ozone layer absorbing radiation)
mesosphere-decreases (density decreases)
thermosphere- increases (absorption of solar radiation)

84
Q

watershed

A

all of the land that drains into a specific body of water

85
Q

what are watersheds determined by

A

slope, ridges, vegetation, soil comp

86
Q

more vegetation in watersheds means..

A

more infiltration and groundwater recharge

87
Q

greater slope in a watershed means

A

faster velocity of runoff and more erosion

88
Q

how does nutrient pollution effect watersheds

A

leads to eutrophication in the water.

89
Q

major Nitrogen and Phosphorus sources

A

discharge from sewage treatment plants, animal waste from CAFOS, synthetic fertilizer

90
Q

how does sediment pollution effect watersheds

A

increases turbidity and covers rocky streamed habitats, reduces sunlight, animals might suffocate

91
Q

what causes sediment pollution

A

Deforestation, urbanization, tilling

92
Q

direct effects of clearcutting

A

soil erosion (loss of root structure), deposits sediments, sediment makes water warmer, loss of tree shade makes water warmer

93
Q

insolation

A

the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching an area. measured in watts/m2

94
Q

intensity of solar radiation depends on

A

angle: how directly rays strike the earths surface
atm.: the amount of atmosphere sun’s rays pass through

Enviro 24-25 (4 decks)

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