Unit 2 Flashcards
3 levels of biodiversity
Ecosystem (habitat) diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity
Higher biodiversity =
Higher ecosystem/population health
How species diversity is measured
Richness (total # of diff species found in an ecosystem)
Evenness (how balanced the diff species are in and ecosystem)
Bottleneck event
A change in gene frequency in a population due to a sharp reduction in a population size.
Niche generalists
A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions
Niche specialists
A species that is specialized to live in a specific environment or feed off a small group of species
Ecosystem resilience
The ability of an ecosystem to return to its original conditions after a major disruption
Range of tolerance
Range of conditions such as temp and salinity that an organism can endure before injury or death
Optimum range
AKA preferred niche, where the organism is happy and reproducing
Zone of physiological stress
AKA marginal niche, where animals can survive but my not be reproducing or comfortable
Zone of intolerance
AKA unavailable niche, where the organism cannot live
Fundamental niche
The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species could live when there is no competition
Realized niche
The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives due to competition
Ecosystem services
Benefits that a healthy ecosystem provides to humans
Provisioning services
Goods from nature that humans can use directly. Ex. Drinking water, wood, food from plants/animals
Regulating services
Ecosystem processes that help to regulate environmental conditions like climate&air quality. Ex. Plants filter water, flood control by trees, natural pest control by predators &pollination by insects
Cultural services
Non material benefits that contribute to the human advancement and development of culture. Ex. Inspo for art/poetry, outdoor recreation, ecotourism, mental/physical well being
Supporting services
Underlying natural processes that make it possible for ecosystems to provide all other services. Ex. Soil formation, water cycle, nutrient cycles, habitats
Human disruption
Anthropogenic activities that disrupt ecosystems. Ex. Deforestation, over fishing/over hunting, water pollution
Island biogeography
The study of how ecological relationships and distributions of organism on island, and their community structure
2 rules of island biogeography
Lager islands support more total species (more ecosystem diversity=more diversity)
Islands that are closer to the mainland support more species (more continual migration=more genetic diversity)
Evolution on islands
Islands have limited space+resources so it pushes species to become specialized to their environment
Adaptive radiation
Single species rapidly evolving into several new species to use diff resources &reduce competition
Anthropogenic
Human caused
Microhabitat
A small area that differs from the habitats around it
Risks to island diversity
Invasive species, climate change, new deseases