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Enviro 24-25 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 levels of biodiversity

A

Ecosystem (habitat) diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity

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2
Q

Higher biodiversity =

A

Higher ecosystem/population health

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3
Q

How species diversity is measured

A

Richness (total # of diff species found in an ecosystem)
Evenness (how balanced the diff species are in and ecosystem)

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4
Q

Bottleneck event

A

A change in gene frequency in a population due to a sharp reduction in a population size.

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5
Q

Niche generalists

A

A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions

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6
Q

Niche specialists

A

A species that is specialized to live in a specific environment or feed off a small group of species

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7
Q

Ecosystem resilience

A

The ability of an ecosystem to return to its original conditions after a major disruption

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8
Q

Range of tolerance

A

Range of conditions such as temp and salinity that an organism can endure before injury or death

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9
Q

Optimum range

A

AKA preferred niche, where the organism is happy and reproducing

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10
Q

Zone of physiological stress

A

AKA marginal niche, where animals can survive but my not be reproducing or comfortable

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11
Q

Zone of intolerance

A

AKA unavailable niche, where the organism cannot live

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12
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species could live when there is no competition

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13
Q

Realized niche

A

The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives due to competition

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14
Q

Ecosystem services

A

Benefits that a healthy ecosystem provides to humans

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15
Q

Provisioning services

A

Goods from nature that humans can use directly. Ex. Drinking water, wood, food from plants/animals

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16
Q

Regulating services

A

Ecosystem processes that help to regulate environmental conditions like climate&air quality. Ex. Plants filter water, flood control by trees, natural pest control by predators &pollination by insects

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17
Q

Cultural services

A

Non material benefits that contribute to the human advancement and development of culture. Ex. Inspo for art/poetry, outdoor recreation, ecotourism, mental/physical well being

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18
Q

Supporting services

A

Underlying natural processes that make it possible for ecosystems to provide all other services. Ex. Soil formation, water cycle, nutrient cycles, habitats

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19
Q

Human disruption

A

Anthropogenic activities that disrupt ecosystems. Ex. Deforestation, over fishing/over hunting, water pollution

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20
Q

Island biogeography

A

The study of how ecological relationships and distributions of organism on island, and their community structure

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21
Q

2 rules of island biogeography

A

Lager islands support more total species (more ecosystem diversity=more diversity)
Islands that are closer to the mainland support more species (more continual migration=more genetic diversity)

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22
Q

Evolution on islands

A

Islands have limited space+resources so it pushes species to become specialized to their environment

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23
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Single species rapidly evolving into several new species to use diff resources &reduce competition

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24
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Human caused

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25
Q

Microhabitat

A

A small area that differs from the habitats around it

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26
Q

Risks to island diversity

A

Invasive species, climate change, new deseases

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27
Q

Natural disturbance

A

A natural event that disrupts the structure of an ecosystem. Can be greater then human disruptions

28
Q

Time zones for natural disturbances

A

Periodic
Episodic
Random

29
Q

Periodic time zone

A

Occurs with regular frequency
Ex. Wet/dry seasons

30
Q

Episodic time zone

A

Occasional event with irregular frequency
Ex.hurricanes, droughts, fires

31
Q

Random time zone

A

No regular frequency
Ex. Volcanoes, earthquakes, asteroids

32
Q

Natural climate change

A

Earths climate varying due to natural causes
Ex. Slight changes in earths orbit and tilt effect temp distribution

33
Q

Environmental change=

A

Habitat disruption

34
Q

Migration changes as a result of disruption

A

Wildlife may migrate to a new habitat as a result of natural disruptions
Ex.bird migration and breeding shifting earlier due to insects hatching early with warming climates

35
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

The different number of habitats in an area

36
Q

Species diversity

A

The total number of species in an area. Measured in evenness and richness

37
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The difference in genes in a species

38
Q

Genetic diversity exists because

A

Random mutations while DNA is being copied.
Crossing over in parent chromosomes

39
Q

Adaption

A

A trait that increases an organisms fitness

40
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to survive/repoduce

41
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce

42
Q

Selective pressure/force

A

The environmental condition that kills the individuals that aren’t adapted

43
Q

Individuals with adaptations…

A

Pass them on to their offspring

44
Q

The environment that an organism live in determines which ______ are ______.

A

Traits; adaptions

45
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical traits of something
Ex. Coloring, height, eye color

46
Q

Genotype

A

The actual genetic makeup of an organism (alleles)

47
Q

The ______ the environment changes the _____ likely a species will be able to adapt

A

Faster;less

48
Q

What happens if the pace of the environmental change is too fast

A

Many species will migrate or die off

49
Q

The more genetic diversity=
(Environmental change)

A

More likely to survive an environmental change

50
Q

The longer the lifespan of an organism/species =

A

The slower the rate of evolution

51
Q

Ecological succession

A

The slow process of one community succeeding or replacing another

52
Q

Two types of succession

A

Primary and secondary

53
Q

Primary succession

A

Occurs in an area that hasn’t been previously colonized by plants. (Bare rock no soil)

54
Q

Secondary succession

A

Occurs in an area that already has soil, but the plant life has been removed by a disturbance

55
Q

Pioneer species for primary succession

A

Moss and lichen

56
Q

Pioneer species for secondary succession

A

Grasses, wildflowers, weeds

57
Q

Stages of succession

A

Pioneer/early succession species
Mid-succession species
Late succession species/climax community

58
Q

Characteristics of pioneer species

A

Fast growing, tolerant, seeds spread by wind or animals
Ex.grasses, wildflowers, weeds, lichen, moss

59
Q

Characteristics of mid-succession species

A

Fast growing, pretty tolerant, slightly bigger then pioneer species
Ex.shrubs,bushes, aspen, pine, cherry

60
Q

Characteristics of climax communities

A

Large, slow growing, tolerant of shade, require deep soil
Ex.maples, oaks, other large trees

61
Q

Succession in a disturbed ecosystem affects..

A

Biomass
Species richness
NPP

62
Q

Biomass, species richness, and NPP ______ over time during succession

A

Increase

63
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that plays a more important role in biodiversity and a community then its population size might suggests

64
Q

Tropic cascades

A

A series of effects that mess up ecosystems

65
Q

Examples of keystone species

A

Sea otters, beavers, purple sea stars

66
Q

Ecosystem engineer

A

A keystone species that creates or maintains habitats for other species

67
Q

Indicator species

A

A species that reflects the biotic or abiotic state of an environment
Ex. Macro invertebrates

Enviro 24-25 (4 decks)

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