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Enviro 24-25 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecological niche

A

The role a species plays within an ecosystem

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2
Q

What does the k in k-selected mean

A

Carrying capacity

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3
Q

What does the r mean in r-selected species

A

Growth rate

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4
Q

Biotic potential

A

The maximum reproductive rate under ideal conditions

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5
Q

K-selected species characteristics

A

-few offspring (heavy parental care)
-long lifespan (long time to sexual maturity)
-low biotic potential & slow pop. Growth rate
-more likely to be disrupted by environmental changes

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6
Q

r-selected species characteristics

A

-many offspring (low parental care)
-shorter lifespan (quick to sexual maturity)
-high biotic potential & high pop. Growth rate
-more likely to be invasive, and can adapt to environmental changes

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7
Q

Survivorship curve

A

A line that shows survival rate of a cohort in pop. From birth to death

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8
Q

Cohort

A

Group of same-aged individuals

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9
Q

Type 1 survivorship curve characteristics

A

-Mostly K-selected species
-high survivorship in early life due to high parental care
-high survivorship in mid-life due to large size & defensive behavior

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10
Q

Type 2 survivorship curve characteristics

A

-in between r&K selected species
-steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

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11
Q

Type 3 survivorship curve characteristics

A

High mortality rate early in life, few make it to mid life;slow steady decline in survivorship in old age

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12
Q

Carrying capacity (K)

A

Highest pop. Size an ecosystem can support based on limiting resources

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13
Q

Overshoot

A

When a pop. Briefly exceeds K

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14
Q

Consequences of overshoot

A

Resource depletion
Damage to environment

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15
Q

Die off

A

Sharp decrease in pop. Size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying

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16
Q

Larger size of a pop=

A

Safer from pop decline

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17
Q

Density

A

of individuals/area

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18
Q

High density=

A

Higher competition and possibility for desease

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19
Q

Distribution

A

How individuals in a pop are spaced out compared to each other

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20
Q

Types of distribution

A

Random
Uniform
Clumped

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21
Q

Sex ratio

A

Ratio of males to females

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22
Q

What can a die off cause in sex ratio

A

Leads to skewed sex ratio, limiting pop growth

23
Q

What happens if resources are abundant

A

Pop usually follow the exponential growth trend

24
Q

Exponenetial growth is what curve?

A

J-curve

25
Q

If the resources are more limited

A

Pop usually follows the logistic growth curve

26
Q

What curve is the logistic growth trend

A

S-curve

27
Q

Fecundity

A

Ability to reproduce

28
Q

Density dependent factors

A

Factors that influence pop growth depending on pop size

29
Q

Density dependent factors example

A

Food, competition for habitat, water, light, disease

30
Q

Large pop will be ____ effected by density dependent factors

A

More

31
Q

Density independent factors

A

Factors that influence pop growth independent of pop size

32
Q

Examples of density independent factors

A

Natural disasters, pollution

33
Q

Change in pop size equation

A

(Births+immigration)-(deaths+emigration)

34
Q

Calculating % change

A

[(New-old)/old]*100

35
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Earths K for humans is based on food, and human pop growth is happening faster then the growth of food production

36
Q

Crude birth rate and crude death rate
(CBR & CDR)

A

Births and deaths per 1000 people in a population

37
Q

Calculating growth rate

A

(CBR-CDR)/10

38
Q

Doubling time (rule of 70)

A

The time it takes (in years) for a pop to double is equal to 70/growth rate

39
Q

Factors that increase pop growth

A

-Higher TFR -> higher birth rate
-high infant mortality can drive up TFR
-high immigration level
-increased access to clean water and health care

40
Q

Factors that decrease pop growth

A

-high death rate
-high infant mortality rate
-increased development (jobs and education)
-delayed age of 1st child

41
Q

Standard of living

A

What the quality of life is like for people of a country

42
Q

Standard of living is based on

A

Gross domestic production (GDP)
Life expectancy

43
Q

Gross domestic production

A

Total value of the goods and services produced

44
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average age a person will live to in a given country

45
Q

Age cohorts

A

0-14 (pre-reproductive
15-44 (reproductive)
45+ (post-reproductive)

46
Q

Size difference between which cohorts indicates pop growth?

A

0-14 and 15-44

47
Q

TFR

A

Avg. # of children a women in a pop will bear through her life

48
Q

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

of deaths of children in 1 year per 1000 people in a population

49
Q

IMR is _____ in less developed country’s

A

Higher

50
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

The TFR required to offset deaths in a pop and keep pop size stable

51
Q

What is the replacement level fertility in a developed country

A

2.1

52
Q

Factors that effect TFR

A

-Development: more developed a county is, TFR decreases
-Gov. policy: can play a huge role in fertility by coercive or non coercive policies

53
Q

Industrialization

A

The process of economic and social transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one

Enviro 24-25 (4 decks)

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