Unit 3

Question 1

Ecological niche

Answer 1

The role a species plays within an ecosystem

Question 2

What does the k in k-selected mean

Answer 2

Carrying capacity

Question 3

What does the r mean in r-selected species

Answer 3

Growth rate

Question 4

Biotic potential

Answer 4

The maximum reproductive rate under ideal conditions

Question 5

K-selected species characteristics

Answer 5

-few offspring (heavy parental care)
-long lifespan (long time to sexual maturity)
-low biotic potential & slow pop. Growth rate
-more likely to be disrupted by environmental changes

Question 6

r-selected species characteristics

Answer 6

-many offspring (low parental care)
-shorter lifespan (quick to sexual maturity)
-high biotic potential & high pop. Growth rate
-more likely to be invasive, and can adapt to environmental changes

Question 7

Survivorship curve

Answer 7

A line that shows survival rate of a cohort in pop. From birth to death

Question 8

Cohort

Answer 8

Group of same-aged individuals

Question 9

Type 1 survivorship curve characteristics

Answer 9

-Mostly K-selected species
-high survivorship in early life due to high parental care
-high survivorship in mid-life due to large size & defensive behavior

Question 10

Type 2 survivorship curve characteristics

Answer 10

-in between r&K selected species
-steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

Question 11

Type 3 survivorship curve characteristics

Answer 11

High mortality rate early in life, few make it to mid life;slow steady decline in survivorship in old age

Question 12

Carrying capacity (K)

Answer 12

Highest pop. Size an ecosystem can support based on limiting resources

Question 13

Overshoot

Answer 13

When a pop. Briefly exceeds K

Question 14

Consequences of overshoot

Answer 14

Resource depletion
Damage to environment

Question 15

Die off

Answer 15

Sharp decrease in pop. Size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying

Question 16

Larger size of a pop=

Answer 16

Safer from pop decline

Question 17

Density

Answer 17

of individuals/area

Question 18

High density=

Answer 18

Higher competition and possibility for desease

Question 19

Distribution

Answer 19

How individuals in a pop are spaced out compared to each other

Question 20

Types of distribution

Answer 20

Random
Uniform
Clumped

Question 21

Sex ratio

Answer 21

Ratio of males to females

Question 22

What can a die off cause in sex ratio

Answer 22

Leads to skewed sex ratio, limiting pop growth

Question 23

What happens if resources are abundant

Answer 23

Pop usually follow the exponential growth trend

Question 24

Exponenetial growth is what curve?

Answer 24

J-curve

Question 25

If the resources are more limited (growth curve)

Answer 25

Pop usually follows the logistic growth curve

Question 26

What curve is the logistic growth trend

Answer 26

S-curve

Question 27

Fecundity

Answer 27

Ability to reproduce

Question 28

Density dependent factors

Answer 28

Factors that influence pop growth depending on pop size

Question 29

Density dependent factors example

Answer 29

Food, competition for habitat, water, light, disease

Question 30

Large pop will be ____ effected by density dependent factors

Answer 30

More

Question 31

Density independent factors

Answer 31

Factors that influence pop growth independent of pop size

Question 32

Examples of density independent factors

Answer 32

Natural disasters, pollution

Question 33

Change in pop size formula

Answer 33

(Births+immigration)-(deaths+emigration)

Question 34

Calculating % change Formula

Answer 34

[(New-old)/old]*100

Question 35

Malthusian theory

Answer 35

Earths K for humans is based on food, and human pop growth is happening faster then the growth of food production

Question 36

Crude birth rate and crude death rate (CBR & CDR)

Answer 36

Births and deaths per 1000 people in a population

Question 37

Calculating growth rate formula

Answer 37

(CBR-CDR)/10

Question 38

Doubling time (rule of 70) formula

Answer 38

The time it takes (in years) for a pop to double is equal to 70/growth rate

Question 39

Factors that increase pop growth

Answer 39

-Higher TFR -> higher birth rate -high infant mortality can drive up TFR -high immigration level -increased access to clean water and health care

Question 40

Factors that decrease pop growth

Answer 40

-high death rate -high infant mortality rate -increased development (jobs and education) -delayed age of 1st child

Question 41

Standard of living

Answer 41

What the quality of life is like for people of a country

Question 42

Standard of living is based on

Answer 42

Gross domestic production (GDP) Life expectancy

Question 43

Gross domestic production

Answer 43

Total value of the goods and services produced

Question 44

Life expectancy

Answer 44

Average age a person will live to in a given country

Question 45

Age cohorts

Answer 45

0-14 (pre-reproductive 15-44 (reproductive) 45+ (post-reproductive)

Question 46

Size difference between which cohorts indicates pop growth?

Answer 46

0-14 and 15-44

Question 47

TFR

Answer 47

Avg. # of children a women in a pop will bear through her life

Question 48

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Answer 48

# of deaths of children in 1 year per 1000 people in a population

Question 49

IMR is _____ in less developed country’s

Answer 49

Higher

Question 50

Replacement level fertility

Answer 50

The TFR required to offset deaths in a pop and keep pop size stable

Question 51

What is the replacement level fertility in a developed country

Answer 51

2.1

Question 52

Factors that effect TFR

Answer 52

-Development: more developed a county is, TFR decreases -Gov. policy: can play a huge role in fertility by coercive or non coercive policies

Question 53

Industrialization

Answer 53

The process of economic and social transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one

Question 54

Pre-industrialized/least developed characteristics (stage 1)

Answer 54

-no growth -not yet made the switch to industrial -low GDP -high death and infant mortality rate -High TFR

Question 55

Industrializing/developing characteristics (stage 2)

Answer 55

-rapid growth -part way through industrialization -decrease death rate -rising GDP -high TFR

Question 56

industrialized/developed characteristics (stage 3)

Answer 56

-slower growth -very low DR and IMR -high GDP -low TFR

Question 57

post-industrialized/highly developed characteristics (stage 4)

Answer 57

-TFR declines even more -Increased wealth -CBR drops lower than CDR and growth becomes negative (pop. decline)