Unit 4

Question 1

Behaviorism

Answer 1

A theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are learned from conditioning.
(EX: If a student gets praised for a behavior they are more likely to repeat that behavior in the future).

Question 2

Associative Learning

Answer 2

Style of learning where two unrelated elements (objects, sights, sounds, etc) become connected in our brains through conditioning.
(EX: Learning a new language by associating new vocabulary with images)

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

The process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli.
(EX: If someone has a cat (specific stimuli) who scratches them as a child, they may develop a fear response(conditioned response) to cats.).

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

Behaviors are modified through the association of a negative response.
(EX: A class may be told that they will lose recess privileges if they talk out of turn, the potential for punishment will lead to a decrease in disruptive behaviors)

Question 5

John Garcia

Answer 5

Came up with the Garcia effect with states that if someone ate a certain food, and shortly after threw up, they will avoid that food. -Taste Adversion
Classical Conditioning

Question 6

Edward Tolman

Answer 6

Believes in Latent Learning, Cognitive Map, And Reinforcement
Believes that even without immediate rewards/use, our brain in constantly mapping out information.
Ex. A GPS is constantly adding new roads and rerouting others, even though you aren’t using it.

Question 7

Social Learning

Answer 7

Behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others. (EX: Kids imitating their mom)

Question 8

Contingency

Answer 8

People tend to gain knowledge based on what outcome has the highest probability of occurring from a particular stimuli. An event that may but is not certain to occur. (EX: If Joe plays his drums at night the neighbors might complain).

Question 9

Latent Learning

Answer 9

the subconcious rentention of information without the need for motivation or reinforcement
Does not involve reward or punishment
Learning that is not obervable until their is a reason to use it.
Ex. Polly’s dad cannot drive her to school, so she rides her bike to school using the same route her dad uses. She had no need to this information until now.

Question 10

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 10

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response. (EX: You smell your favorite food, it immediately makes you hungry). The food is your favorite but it is unconditioned.

Question 11

Cognitive Map

Answer 11

Mental representation of physcial locations

Question 12

Learned Helplessness

Answer 12

When a person is faced with a stressful or bad situation constantly. Edventually, they feel like they have no control over anything, and so they won’t try, even when solutions/help arises.

Question 13

Unconditioned Response

Answer 13

An automatic response to a stimulus (EX: A dog salivating for food) The salivating is the unconditioned response.

Question 14

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 14

A stimulus that at first elicits no response. (EX: Pavlov introduced a bell as a neutral Stimulus and conditioned it for a response)

Question 15

Pairing

Answer 15

The mix of two events in time. (EX: If a tone is presented immediately before a puff of air, the tone and the puff are now paired)

Question 16

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 16

A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. (EX: Coco gets excited with the word “walk” because every time we say it we take her on a walk, the word is a conditioned stimulus)

Question 17

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 17

Occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. (EX: A dog who was conditioned to drool at the sound of a clicker may have the same response to someone tapping.)

Question 17

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 17

The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli (EX: Only ordering a dish at one restaurant because you know that other restaurants don’t offer that same menu item)

Question 18

Conditioned Response

Answer 18

A behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned through conditioning. (EX: If you witness a terrible car accident, you might develop a fear of driving)

Question 19

Avoidance Behavior

Answer 19

The act of avoiding a stimulus, whether that stimulus is emotional or physcial.
Ex. Someone sleeps all day to avoid the feeling that they are depressed

Question 20

Extinction

Answer 20

The gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. (EX: If someone feared dogs and they were introduced to dogs who were friendly then their fear of dogs would begin to go away. This is the extinction of their fear).

Question 21

Taste Aversion

Answer 21

John Garcia - the idea that if you eat a food and then get sick, you will avoid that food in the future even if that food wasn’t the cause of illness

Question 22

Emotional Learning

Answer 22

Memory storage and learning for emotionally significant events.
These turns into skills like self awareness and self controll.

Question 23

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 23

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. (EX: Pavlov noticed that his dogs stopped salivating from the noise of the bell if the food wasn’t present.)

Question 24

Biofeedback

Answer 24

A process in which individuals learn how to control their physiological responses for better biological performance
Ex. Someone might do a breathing exercise to help them calm their anxiety

Question 25

Vicarious Punishment

Answer 25

Second hand learning of punishment. Decrease in certain behaviors because you see other people get punished for it.
Ex. You stop foraging your mom’s signature because you saw a friend get in trouble for forgery.

Question 26

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 26

When a neutral Stimulus is linked to a conditioned stimulus. (EX: one study found that after participants were exposed to pictures of snakes and spiders paired with an unpleasant noise, they had an increased fear responses when shown pictures of the animals alone.)

Question 27

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 27

Second hand learning of rewards. Increase in certain behaviors because you see other people getting rewarded for it.

Question 28

Observational Learning

Answer 28

Processes of learning by watching the behaviors of others.

Question 29

Insight Learning

Answer 29

People recognize relationships between objects or actions suddenly Ex. Sudden realization of a solution to a problem. NOT trial and error

Question 30

Law of Effect

Answer 30

A principle stating that behaviors with a more satisfying outcome are more likely to occur again. (EX: If you study and get a good grade on a test then you are more likely to study for the next test)

Question 31

Behavior Modification

Answer 31

When someones behavior changes. Can be from natural causes or rewards and punishments

Question 32

Reinforcement

Answer 32

Increasing a behavior (EX: If you want a child to clean their room, for instance, you may reinforce this behavior by giving them an allowance every time that they do.) Self explanatory

Question 33

Classical Conditioning

Answer 33

Behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one. (EX: Pavlov’s dog heard a bell (neutral stimulus) and was given food (positive)).

Question 34

Social Cognitive Learning

Answer 34

Learning from people around you/your culture

Question 35

Operant Conditioning

Answer 35

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. (EX: If you tell a funny story in class and everybody laughs, you will probably be more likely to tell that story again in the future.)

Question 36

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 36

Partial Reinforcement - A person is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of acts
Ex. Gambling - they never know how many times they need to “act” before getting the reward

Question 37

Reinforcement

Answer 37

The application of any stimulus that facilitates(makes easier) and increases the likelihood of a specific response occurring.
EX: if you want a child to clean their room, for instance, you may reinforce this behavior by giving them an allowance every time that they do.

Question 38

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 38

A person is rewarded after a fixed number of acts
Ex. Hannah punches Kailee exactly three times, and gets a block of cheese.

Question 39

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 39

A person is rewarded after a set amount of time (after they act)
Ex. Hannah punches Kailee, and then has to wait exactly 6.78 seconds before getting a block of cheese

Question 40

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 40

Behavior is reinforced only part of the time (VARIABLE)

Question 41

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 41

Behavior is reinforced consistently (FIXED)

Question 43

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 43

Things that motivate behavior because they satisfy an individual’s basic survival needs. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned.
EX: water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, touch, pleasure

Question 44

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 44

A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
EX: When you give your dog a food treat and tell him “good boy,” he’s getting both the primary reinforcer of the treat and the secondary reinforcer of the verbal praise.

Question 45

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 45

When a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus. All that’s required for this process is for the neutral stimulus to become associated with a prior conditioned stimulus.
EX: For example, after pairing a bell with food and establishing the bell as a conditioned stimulus that elicits salivation (first-order conditioning), a light could be paired with the tone. If the light alone comes to elicit salivation, then higher-order conditioning has occurred.

Question 46

Positive(add something) Reinforcement (increase behavior)

Answer 46

EX: A car beeping when you don’t have your seatbelt on.

Question 47

Negative(take something away) Reinforcement(increase behavior) -

Answer 47

EX: Take your kids phone away so they will go outside more.

Question 48

Negative(take something away) Punishment(Decrease behavior) -

Answer 48

EX: Want a child to do their chores (decreasing the behavior of not doing chores) so you take away their phone (taking something away)

Question 49

Positive(add something) Punishment (decrease behavior)

Answer 49

EX: Want a child to do their chores (decreasing the behavior of not doing chores) so you add more chores (adding something)…probably ineffective but you get the idea (;

Question 50

Shaping