Unit 4 Flashcards
Behaviorism
A theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are learned from conditioning.
(EX: If a student gets praised for a behavior they are more likely to repeat that behavior in the future).
Associative Learning
Style of learning where two unrelated elements (objects, sights, sounds, etc) become connected in our brains through conditioning.
(EX: Learning a new language by associating new vocabulary with images)
Classical Conditioning
The process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli.
(EX: If someone has a cat (specific stimuli) who scratches them as a child, they may develop a fear response(conditioned response) to cats.).
Operant Conditioning
Behaviors are modified through the association of a negative response.
(EX: A class may be told that they will lose recess privileges if they talk out of turn, the potential for punishment will lead to a decrease in disruptive behaviors)
John Garcia
Came up with the Garcia effect with states that if someone ate a certain food, and shortly after threw up, they will avoid that food. -Taste Adversion
Classical Conditioning
Edward Tolman
Believes in Latent Learning, Cognitive Map, And Reinforcement
Believes that even without immediate rewards/use, our brain in constantly mapping out information.
Ex. A GPS is constantly adding new roads and rerouting others, even though you aren’t using it.
Social Learning
Behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others. (EX: Kids imitating their mom)
Contingency
People tend to gain knowledge based on what outcome has the highest probability of occurring from a particular stimuli. An event that may but is not certain to occur. (EX: If Joe plays his drums at night the neighbors might complain).
Latent Learning
the subconcious rentention of information without the need for motivation or reinforcement
Does not involve reward or punishment
Learning that is not obervable until their is a reason to use it.
Ex. Polly’s dad cannot drive her to school, so she rides her bike to school using the same route her dad uses. She had no need to this information until now.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that leads to an automatic response. (EX: You smell your favorite food, it immediately makes you hungry). The food is your favorite but it is unconditioned.
Cognitive Map
Mental representation of physcial locations
Learned Helplessness
When a person is faced with a stressful or bad situation constantly. Edventually, they feel like they have no control over anything, and so they won’t try, even when solutions/help arises.
Unconditioned Response
An automatic response to a stimulus (EX: A dog salivating for food) The salivating is the unconditioned response.
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that at first elicits no response. (EX: Pavlov introduced a bell as a neutral Stimulus and conditioned it for a response)
Pairing
The mix of two events in time. (EX: If a tone is presented immediately before a puff of air, the tone and the puff are now paired)
Conditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. (EX: Coco gets excited with the word “walk” because every time we say it we take her on a walk, the word is a conditioned stimulus)
Stimulus Generalization
Occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. (EX: A dog who was conditioned to drool at the sound of a clicker may have the same response to someone tapping.)
Stimulus Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli (EX: Only ordering a dish at one restaurant because you know that other restaurants don’t offer that same menu item)
Conditioned Response
A behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned through conditioning. (EX: If you witness a terrible car accident, you might develop a fear of driving)
Avoidance Behavior
The act of avoiding a stimulus, whether that stimulus is emotional or physcial.
Ex. Someone sleeps all day to avoid the feeling that they are depressed
Extinction
The gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. (EX: If someone feared dogs and they were introduced to dogs who were friendly then their fear of dogs would begin to go away. This is the extinction of their fear).
Taste Aversion
John Garcia - the idea that if you eat a food and then get sick, you will avoid that food in the future even if that food wasn’t the cause of illness
Emotional Learning
Memory storage and learning for emotionally significant events.
These turns into skills like self awareness and self controll.
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. (EX: Pavlov noticed that his dogs stopped salivating from the noise of the bell if the food wasn’t present.)
Biofeedback
A process in which individuals learn how to control their physiological responses for better biological performance
Ex. Someone might do a breathing exercise to help them calm their anxiety
Vicarious Punishment
Second hand learning of punishment. Decrease in certain behaviors because you see other people get punished for it.
Ex. You stop foraging your mom’s signature because you saw a friend get in trouble for forgery.
Higher Order Conditioning
When a neutral Stimulus is linked to a conditioned stimulus. (EX: one study found that after participants were exposed to pictures of snakes and spiders paired with an unpleasant noise, they had an increased fear responses when shown pictures of the animals alone.)
Vicarious Reinforcement
Second hand learning of rewards. Increase in certain behaviors because you see other people getting rewarded for it.
Observational Learning
Processes of learning by watching the behaviors of others.
Insight Learning
People recognize relationships between objects or actions suddenly Ex. Sudden realization of a solution to a problem. NOT trial and error
Law of Effect
A principle stating that behaviors with a more satisfying outcome are more likely to occur again. (EX: If you study and get a good grade on a test then you are more likely to study for the next test)
Behavior Modification
When someones behavior changes. Can be from natural causes or rewards and punishments
Reinforcement
Increasing a behavior (EX: If you want a child to clean their room, for instance, you may reinforce this behavior by giving them an allowance every time that they do.) Self explanatory
Classical Conditioning
Behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one. (EX: Pavlov’s dog heard a bell (neutral stimulus) and was given food (positive)).
Social Cognitive Learning
Learning from people around you/your culture
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. (EX: If you tell a funny story in class and everybody laughs, you will probably be more likely to tell that story again in the future.)
Variable Ratio Schedule
Partial Reinforcement - A person is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of acts
Ex. Gambling - they never know how many times they need to “act” before getting the reward
Reinforcement
The application of any stimulus that facilitates(makes easier) and increases the likelihood of a specific response occurring.
EX: if you want a child to clean their room, for instance, you may reinforce this behavior by giving them an allowance every time that they do.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A person is rewarded after a fixed number of acts
Ex. Hannah punches Kailee exactly three times, and gets a block of cheese.
Fixed Interval Schedule
A person is rewarded after a set amount of time (after they act)
Ex. Hannah punches Kailee, and then has to wait exactly 6.78 seconds before getting a block of cheese
Partial Reinforcement
Behavior is reinforced only part of the time (VARIABLE)
Continuous Reinforcement
Behavior is reinforced consistently (FIXED)
Primary Reinforcer
Things that motivate behavior because they satisfy an individual’s basic survival needs. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned.
EX: water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, touch, pleasure
Secondary Reinforcer
A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
EX: When you give your dog a food treat and tell him “good boy,” he’s getting both the primary reinforcer of the treat and the secondary reinforcer of the verbal praise.
Higher Order Conditioning
When a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus. All that’s required for this process is for the neutral stimulus to become associated with a prior conditioned stimulus.
EX: For example, after pairing a bell with food and establishing the bell as a conditioned stimulus that elicits salivation (first-order conditioning), a light could be paired with the tone. If the light alone comes to elicit salivation, then higher-order conditioning has occurred.
Positive(add something) Reinforcement (increase behavior)
EX: A car beeping when you don’t have your seatbelt on.
Negative(take something away) Reinforcement(increase behavior) -
EX: Take your kids phone away so they will go outside more.
Negative(take something away) Punishment(Decrease behavior) -
EX: Want a child to do their chores (decreasing the behavior of not doing chores) so you take away their phone (taking something away)
Positive(add something) Punishment (decrease behavior)
EX: Want a child to do their chores (decreasing the behavior of not doing chores) so you add more chores (adding something)…probably ineffective but you get the idea (;
Shaping
