Unit 3 Flashcards
Pinna
Where processing begins, it channels the sound wave into the ear canal
Auditory Canal
Where sound goes in
Frequency
wavelength
Intensity
Height
Ear Drum (tympanic membrane)
tight membrane that vibrates when sound waves hit it.
Round window
Recives vibrations from the stapes and sends to the cochlea.
cochlea
Receives transmits and converts into a neural impulse and sends it to the brain.
Auditory nerve/cochlear nerve
comes off the back of the cochlea, and travels to the brain.
Malleus(hammer)
transmit sound from the ear drum to the inner ear.
Incus(anvil)
transmit vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
Stapes(stirrup)
transmit vibrations from the Incus to the oval window
Semicircular canals
help keep your balance
Vestibular nerve
Goes to the brain from the ear. Coordinates movement and position.
Tympanic cavity
transmit sound energy from the inner ear to the outer ear.
Auditory tube
equalizes air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear
Sensation
nose, eyes…raw observations
Perception
Brain makes sense of the sensations…analysis.
Transduction
Conversion of light waves into another form like neural impulses that our brain can interpret.
1. Receive
2. Transform
3. Deliver
Bottom up processing
#
Starts with sensation and the you perceive it. You see a slithery creature (sensation) oh that’s a snake (perception).
Top-down processing
#
Guided by experience and higher level processes, we see what we expect to see. An experienced hiker who expects to see snakes may perceive a stick as a snake. Perceiving –> sensation.
Absolute threshold
#
The smallest stimulus detected by someone half of the time (varies from person to person). EX: Hannah touching me.
Difference threshold
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. (I cant feel that sometimes–>small increase–>now I can feel that all the time) The small increase is difference threshold.
Weber’s law
#
To be able to tell the difference between degrees of stimulation. 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. (music turned from volume 5 to volume 6 (undetectable) volume turned from 5 to 15 (detectable)).
Subliminal Threshold
#
The level at which a participant is not aware of the stimulus being presented.
Subliminal Messages
#
A technique used in marketing to influence people without their being aware of what the messenger is doing.
EX: Arrow in the FedEx sign, two people sharing chips in the Tostitos logo.
Signal detection theory
#
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation.
Depends on strength and out psychological state.
Sensory adaptation
#
Not sensing a stimulus after being around them for so long. Taste, smell, touch.
Gestalt psychology
#
A study describing how humans organize information. Looks at the human mind and behavior as a “whole”
Figure ground perception
Contrast between a focal object and the negative space around it.
Closure perception
elements form a closed object. EX: Triangle diagram
Proximity perception
Objects near each other tend to be perceived as a group.
Similarity perception
we naturally group similar items together based on their elements (color, size)
Connectedness perception
we see connections in disjointed objects
continuation
We perceive things arranged on a line or a curve as related to each other.
Stroboscopic
we perceive rapid series of images as continuous movement (think of flip book)
Depth Perception
#
The ability to see objects in 3 dimensions
Monocular cues
#
Depth cues available to each eye separately.
Relative Motion (monocular cue)
#
When riding in a car things outside are stable but appear to be moving.
Perceptual Constancy
Top-down process recognizes object w/o being deceived by changes in color, brightness YOU EXPECT FROM EXPERIENCE
Size Constancy
#
We percieve an object as having a constant size, even while distance varies.
Moon Illusion
causes moon to appear larger when closer to the horizon, smaller in sky
Linear Perspective (monocular cue)
#
parallel lines appear to meet in the distance.
Relative Size (monocular cue)
#
We assume objects are similar in size even if one appears smaller. (my computer appears larger that Bob’s computer across the room but I know they are the same size.)
Texture Gradient (monocular cue)
#
objects that are farther back look fuzzier with less texture.
Binocular Cues
#
Help us judge distance. Dependent on the use of two eyes.
Ponzo Illusion
Objects of identical length look different lengths
Muller Lyer Illusion
Two lines of same length appear to be different length (arrows)
Amex Room
Toom w/ floor ceilings at angle, making it look like two sides of the room are the same
Sensory Deprivation/Perceptual Isolation
Person with this feels less intensity in a stimulus, isolating a certain sense
Ex. Blindfold makes hearing more acute
Convergence
To focus on a close object the eyes must rotate inward.
Retinal Disparity
The difference between the view that each eye gives. (EX: holding thumb over far away object and closing different eyes, your thumb jumps cause your eyes have different views of it).
Lens
Helps focus images in the retina. To focus the lens changes its curvature and thickness.
Perceptual Adaptation
#
Adapt to environment by filtering out distractions
Ex. We sleep through our town train because we have adapted to it, we don’t hear the train anymore) ears and eyes
Retina
Converts light that enters into your eye into electrical signals that your optic nerve sends to your brain which creates the images you see.
Perceptual Set
#
Tendency to percieve some aspects of sensory data but not others
Ex. People could be loudly talking around you, and you would hear someone whisper your name
Schema
#
Our brains blueprint for organize and interpret information for future use
Ex. Smells may trigger memories
Fovea
Central focus point. Where cones are focused. Has the greatest visual acuity.
Blind spot
No light sensitive cells here, so this part of your retina cannot see creating a blind spot. Optic Nerve.
Context Effects
Top-Down - How the environment affect perception of the event
Ex. You have three bikes you can buy, two silver ones, one black. The black one naturally stands out as better, even if the two silver bikes have better qualities.
Optic Nerve
Relay messages from your eyes to your brain to create visual images.
Myopia
Nearsightedness
Hyperopia
Farsightedness
Pupil
Small adjustable opening in the center of your eye that lets light in.
Cornea
Clear protective layer covering the pupil and iris. Light enters first here.
Cultural Context
Gives you norms that alter perception
Ex. If we saw someone eating pasta with their hands, it would be weird, but this is not weird in many other countries.
Iris
Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored part of your eye. It allows the pupil to open and close to let light in.
Nearsightedness
See near objects, but not distant ones (Myopia) this is bc the light that enters your eye is focusing slightly ABOVE the retina, instead of right on it.
Rods
-Detect black, white, gray
-Sensitive to movement
-When cones don’t respond it is solely responsible for peripheral and twilight vision.
feature detectors
nerve cells located in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. Detects Features. (edges, lines, angles, and movements) Receive info from ganglion cells.
Fovea
Part of retina where visual acuity is highest (Hannah was gonna finish, I think)
Parallel Processing
The ability to process multiple stimuli simultaneously.
Young-Helmholtz (Trichromatic) Theory.
We see colors due to the cones in our retina.
Color blindness
Having a defective cone will mess with your color vision.
Dicrhomatic color vision
only see two primary colors
Most common color blindness
Red-green
Is color blindness most common in males or females
males
Opponent-Processing Theory
One member of the color pair suppresses the other color. For example, we see yellowish-greens and reddish-yellows, but we never see reddish-green or yellowish-blue color hues.
Afterimages
You stare at one color for awhile and you will see the other. Proves the opponent process theory.
Gustation
Taste
Taste
200 or more taste buds each containing a pore that catches food chemicals.
Sweet taste
Energy Source (EX: Candy, honey)
(after light is received in the cones and rods it goes to the) Bipolar cells and ganglion cells make up what?
Form the optic nerve
How are cones able to see finer detail better than rods?
Cones each have their own bipolar cells, multiple rods share one biopolar cell.
Salty taste
Sodium; essential to physiological processes (EX: salt)
Why do we have a blindspot?
Where optic nerve connects to eyes, there are no photoreceptors.
Sour
Potentially toxic acid (EX: Lemon, lime)
Bitter
Potential poisons (EX: grapefruit, chocolate)
Our brain fills in blind spot based on…
previous interaction
Umami
Proteins; to grow and repair tissue (EX: tomatoes, cheese)
Frequency Theory
How we hear low sounds (neural impulse matches frequency of tone)
Olfaction
Smell (only one of the 5 senses that’s does not pass neural information through the thalamus)
Place Theory
How we hear high pitched sounds (hair attuned to high pitched, high near the close end of membrane, low near the far end)
Localization of Sound
Two ears are better than one! - allows us to pinpoint where sound is coming from
Smell and Memory
A smell can trigger a memory because the Brian’s circuitry for smell is connected with the areas involving memory.
Conduction Deafness
Caused by something that makes it hard for sound waves to get to inner ear
Ex. Ear wax, hole in ear drum, fluid.
Sensorineural Deafness
Damage to inner ear or pathways to brain (can occur after birth or before)
vestibular sense
#
monitors the body’s overall position
Cochlear implant
Electronic device for ppl with profound hearing loss
Turns sound into electrical signal, sensation of hearing by stimulating auditory nerve
Kinesthesis
#
Monitors the body’s PARTS’ position
Pain is impacted by…
How much attention we give to it
Biological experience of pain
Receptors detect hurtful temperature, pressure, or chemicals
Gate Control theory
The spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals. The “gate” is opened by pain and closed by activity in large fibers (massage) or by info from the brain (distracting thoughts)
Social experience of pain
we percieve more pain when others seem to be having pain (empathy)
Interpostition (monocular cue)
#
If one object is partially blocking another it is closer than the thing it is blocking
Monocular cues include…
Interposition
Linear Perspective
Relative size
Texture Gradient
Binocular cues include…
Convergence
Retinal Disparity
Phi Phenomenon
We percieve two adjacent stationary lights blinking on and off as one light moving back and forth
