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unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

herbivore

A

an animal that eats plants

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2
Q

carnivore

A

an animal that eats meat

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3
Q

omnivore

A

an animal that eats both plants and meat

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4
Q

molar

A

the teeth furthest back in the mouth (more in herbivores, used for grinding)

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5
Q

premolar

A

molars before the molars

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6
Q

incisor

A

in the front, used for cutting

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7
Q

canine

A

present in carnivores and omnivores - used for slash/slicing food

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8
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded into a polymer

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9
Q

polymer

A

multiple monomers

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10
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants, maintains the cell’s shape and structure. It’s a type of fiber.

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11
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein that bonds with a substrate to either break it apart or bring it together

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12
Q

cofactor

A

helps an enzyme fit with it’s substrate

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13
Q

substrate

A

a molecule that an enzyme reacts with

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14
Q

denaturing

A

when an enzyme is deformed an unable to perform it’s function due to change in pH or temperature

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15
Q

lactase

A

an enzyme that breaks down lactose

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16
Q

catalase

A

an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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17
Q

hydrocarbons

A

can create chains and form stuff like fatty acids

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18
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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19
Q

esophagus

A

a tube that connects the throat to the stomach

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20
Q

stomach

A

begins to break foods down, food becomes chyme

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21
Q

small intestine

A

breaks down food further, and absorbs nutrients

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22
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs water and shifts chyme into feces

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23
Q

liver

A

makes bile for digestion of fat

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24
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile

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25
Q

panceras

A

makes enzymes

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26
Q

rectum

A

holds feces until it can be evacuated

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27
Q

anus

A

where the feces is evacuated from

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28
Q

electron

A

small particle with a charge of negative energy

29
Q

ionic bonds

A

electrons transferred between atoms

30
Q

covalent bonds

A

electrons shared between atoms, stronger than ionic bonds

31
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process a plant uses to create glucose

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

32
Q

catabolic

A

a reaction that breaks things apart, releases ATP

33
Q

anabolic

A

a reaction that bonds things together, requires ATP

34
Q

aerobic respiration

A

respiration that requires oxygen

35
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen (fermentation)

36
Q

cellular respiration

A

produces ATP,

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

37
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive movement of molecules

38
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of food through chemicals (most of the digestive system)

39
Q

mechanical digestion

A

the use of movement to break down food, mostly takes place in mouth

40
Q

macromolecule

A

polymers that are important

41
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts

42
Q

carbohydrate

A

sugar molecules (end in ose), made of monosaccaride

43
Q

lipids

A

fatty compounds, made of glycerol/fatty acids

44
Q

protein

A

a large organic compound made of amino acids

45
Q

nucleic acid

A

genetic code made of nucleotides

46
Q

pH

A

the level of acidity

47
Q

insoluable

A

cannot be dissolved

48
Q

saccharide

A

another term for sugar, forms carbohydrates

49
Q

amino acid

A

form proteins

50
Q

polypeptide

A

amino acids bonding together

51
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

52
Q

pepsin

A

breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids

53
Q

saturated fats

A

no double bonds, solid at room temp

54
Q

unsaturated fats

A

contains double bonds, liquid at room temp

55
Q

hydrophobic

A

insoluble to water

56
Q

hydrophilic

A

can dissolve in water

57
Q

microvilli

A

absorb food in digestive system, increase surface area

58
Q

ATP

A

energy (breaking apart into ADP creates energy)

59
Q

ADP

A

involved in transferring energy

60
Q

chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis takes place

61
Q

mitochondria

A

where cellular respiration takes place

62
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic respiration, breaks down sugar molecules

63
Q

reactants

A

what is put into a chemical equation

64
Q

products

A

the result of a chemical equation

65
Q

vital signs

A

important signs that show we are alive, such as your pulse, body temperature, respiration rate, and blood pressure.

66
Q

glycolysis

A

breaks glucose into 2 pyruvic acids - 4ATP+2NADH

67
Q

Krebs cycle

A

pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl-CoA, produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 4 CO2 (per glucose)

68
Q

transport chain

A

how these chemicals are transported during cellular respiration

advanced biology (7 decks)

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