unit 4 Flashcards
herbivore
an animal that eats plants
carnivore
an animal that eats meat
omnivore
an animal that eats both plants and meat
molar
the teeth furthest back in the mouth (more in herbivores, used for grinding)
premolar
molars before the molars
incisor
in the front, used for cutting
canine
present in carnivores and omnivores - used for slash/slicing food
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded into a polymer
polymer
multiple monomers
cellulose
a polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants, maintains the cell’s shape and structure. It’s a type of fiber.
Enzyme
a protein that bonds with a substrate to either break it apart or bring it together
cofactor
helps an enzyme fit with it’s substrate
substrate
a molecule that an enzyme reacts with
denaturing
when an enzyme is deformed an unable to perform it’s function due to change in pH or temperature
lactase
an enzyme that breaks down lactose
catalase
an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
hydrocarbons
can create chains and form stuff like fatty acids
pharynx
throat
esophagus
a tube that connects the throat to the stomach
stomach
begins to break foods down, food becomes chyme
small intestine
breaks down food further, and absorbs nutrients
large intestine
absorbs water and shifts chyme into feces
liver
makes bile for digestion of fat
gallbladder
stores bile
panceras
makes enzymes
rectum
holds feces until it can be evacuated
anus
where the feces is evacuated from
electron
small particle with a charge of negative energy
ionic bonds
electrons transferred between atoms
covalent bonds
electrons shared between atoms, stronger than ionic bonds
photosynthesis
the process a plant uses to create glucose
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
catabolic
a reaction that breaks things apart, releases ATP
anabolic
a reaction that bonds things together, requires ATP
aerobic respiration
respiration that requires oxygen
anaerobic respiration
respiration without oxygen (fermentation)
cellular respiration
produces ATP,
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
facilitated diffusion
passive movement of molecules
chemical digestion
the breakdown of food through chemicals (most of the digestive system)
mechanical digestion
the use of movement to break down food, mostly takes place in mouth
macromolecule
polymers that are important
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts
carbohydrate
sugar molecules (end in ose), made of monosaccaride
lipids
fatty compounds, made of glycerol/fatty acids
protein
a large organic compound made of amino acids
nucleic acid
genetic code made of nucleotides
pH
the level of acidity
insoluable
cannot be dissolved
saccharide
another term for sugar, forms carbohydrates
amino acid
form proteins
polypeptide
amino acids bonding together
amylase
enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
pepsin
breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids
saturated fats
no double bonds, solid at room temp
unsaturated fats
contains double bonds, liquid at room temp
hydrophobic
insoluble to water
hydrophilic
can dissolve in water
microvilli
absorb food in digestive system, increase surface area
ATP
energy (breaking apart into ADP creates energy)
ADP
involved in transferring energy
chloroplast
where photosynthesis takes place
mitochondria
where cellular respiration takes place
fermentation
anaerobic respiration, breaks down sugar molecules
reactants
what is put into a chemical equation
products
the result of a chemical equation
vital signs
important signs that show we are alive, such as your pulse, body temperature, respiration rate, and blood pressure.
glycolysis
breaks glucose into 2 pyruvic acids - 4ATP+2NADH
Krebs cycle
pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl-CoA, produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 4 CO2 (per glucose)
transport chain
how these chemicals are transported during cellular respiration
