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A&P 1 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

components of the brain:

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. diencephalon
  4. brainstem
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2
Q

towards the tail

A

caudal

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3
Q

towards the nose

A

rostral

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4
Q

deep groove that runs from rostral to caudal
-separates right from left hemisphere

A

longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

shallow grooves

A

sulci

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6
Q

folds of tissues
-allows for increase in surface area

A

gyri

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7
Q

separates occipital from cerebellum

A

transverse fissure

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8
Q

“cross talk”
major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

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9
Q

contains upper motor neurons

A

gray matter

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10
Q

white because of myelinated axons

A

white matter

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11
Q

supports and protects the brain:

A
  1. cranium
  2. meninges
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
  4. blood brain barrier
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12
Q

provides rigid support

A

cranium

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13
Q

surrounds and partition

A

meninges

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14
Q

cushions the brain, flows through ventricles

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

prevents entry of harmful materials

A

blood brain barrier

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16
Q

three connective tissue layers
-separates and support soft tissue of brain
-enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain
-help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
-layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

A

cranial meninges

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17
Q

helps absorb cerebral spinal fluid

A

arachnoid granulation

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18
Q

used to drain blood during circulation

A

dural venous sinus

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19
Q

contains ependymal cells that makes/secretes CSF

A

lateral ventricle

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20
Q

exit points where CSF will be redirected, enter meningis and circulates around the brain

A

aperture

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21
Q

clear, colorless liquid surrounding CNS
-circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space
-functions:
1. buoyancy- reduced brain’s apparent weight by 95%
2. protection- provides a liquid cushion
3. environmental stability- transport of nutrients/wastes and protects against fluctuations

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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22
Q

“classic brain”
the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions

A

cerebrum

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23
Q

controls motor functions

A

frontal lobe

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24
Q

paired lobe
function: processing general sensory information

A

parietal lobe

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25
Q

paired lobe
function: processes auditory information

A

temporal lobe

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26
Q

processes visual information

A

occipital lobe

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27
Q

-salience, self awareness and identification
-visceral pain, sculptural beauty
-a “state of union with god”
-hallucinogenic state
-disgust to smells

A

insular (gustatory) cortex

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28
Q

sends motor signals from the brain to the spinal cord and out to the skeletal muscles

A

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

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29
Q

control eye movement

A

frontal eye field (precentral gyrus)

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30
Q

controls motor function of speech

A

Broca’s area (precentral gyrus)

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31
Q

represents amount of cortex dedicated to motor activity of each body part

A

homunculus

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32
Q

interpretation of somatic sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, body, position)

A

primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

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33
Q

processing visual sensations

A

primary visual cortex (postcentral gyrus)

34
Q

processing auditory information

A

primary auditory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

35
Q

integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences

A

association areas

36
Q

ways of brain communication:

A
  1. commissural fibers
  2. association fibers
  3. projection fibers
37
Q

links the left and right hemispheres

A

commissural fibers

38
Q

allows communication within a particular fiber (ex. one area in the frontal lobe to another area in the frontal lobe)

A

association fibers

39
Q

allows communication to pass from the cortex down the brainstem and into spinal cord

A

projection fibers

40
Q

two sides of cerebrum exhibit differences in higher order functions

A

cerebral lateralization

41
Q

forms posterior part of diencephalon
-contains pineal gland

A

epithalamus

42
Q

endocrine gland secreting melatonin
-helps regulate day night cycles, circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland

43
Q

“filtration station”
receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction

A

thalamus

44
Q

-master control of the ANS
-regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst sensations, and sleep wake cycles
-master control of endocrine system; had direct control of pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

connects cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord
-contains ascending and descending tracts
-contains autonomic nuclei, nuclei of cranial nerves, and reflex centers
-consists of the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

46
Q

first
- redirects your attention to sound

A

tectum (in the midbrain)

47
Q

second
-controls respiratory; collection of fibers that innervate muscles in our lungs

A

pontine respiratory center (in the pons)

48
Q

last
- communicates with your heart, helps reduce heart rate when it exceeds healthy rate

A

cardiovascular center (in the medulla oblongata)

49
Q

last
-rhythmic breathing

A

medullary respiratory center (in the medulla oblongata)

50
Q

appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres

functions:
-receives information on movement from the motor cortex of the cerebrum
-compares intended movement with body position
-send instructions back to the cerebral cortex to continuously adjust and fine tune motor commands

A

cerebellum

51
Q

multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions
-cingulate gyrus and fornix: band of tissues that connects rostral and caudal ends
-hippocampus: stores short term memory
-amygdaloid body: process fear response

A

limbic system

52
Q

12 pairs that arise from the base of the brain (sensory, motor, mixed)
-exit the cranium through foramina
-lead to muscles and sense organs, located mainly in the head and trunk

A

cranial nerves

53
Q

sensory nerve for olfaction (smell)

A

CN I Olfactory nerve

54
Q

sensory nerve for vision

A

CN II Optic nerve

55
Q

F: most motor (somatic/auto)
O: midbrain
T: rectus/ciliary muscles
P: superior orbital fissure
damage: paralysis/strabimus

A

CN III Oculomotor

56
Q

mixed nerve that receives somatic sensation from face; controls muscles involved in chewing

A

CN V Trigeminal nerve

57
Q

mixed nerve that controls muscles of facial expression and conducts taste sensations from tongue

A

CN VII Facial nerve

58
Q

F: most sensory
O: auditory portions
T: medulla/pons
P: internal acoustic meatus
damage: deafness, nausea, balance

A

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve

59
Q

F: mixed
O: thoracic/abpelvic cavity
T: medulla oblongata
P: jugular foramen
damage: loss of voice, GI motility

A

CN X Vagus nerve

60
Q

F: most motor
O: C1-C6
T: palate, pharynx
P: jugular foramen
damage: movement of head, neck, shrugging

A

CN XI Accessory nerve

61
Q

-structural and functional link between brain and rest of body; sensory input from body, motor commands from brain
-spinal reflexes; responses that do not involve the brain, fast reaction to a stimulus

A

functions of spinal cord and spinal nerves

62
Q

part of the spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal nerves

A

segment

63
Q

-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

64
Q

via posterior rootlets
-somatic (i.e. tactile receptors, proprioceptors)
-visceral (i.e. baroreceptors, chemoreceptors)

A

sensory receptors

65
Q

via anterior rootlets
-visceral; autonomic; (i.e. cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)
-somatic (i.e. skeletal muscle)

A

effectos

66
Q

houses neurons that receive incoming sensory information

A

posterior horn of gray matter

67
Q

houses large motor neurons that send information out of the spinal cord

A

anterior horn of gray matter

68
Q

relays somatic information from muscles

A

spinocerebellar pathway

69
Q

ascends towards the brain

A

sensory pathways

70
Q

descends from the brain

A

motor pathways

71
Q

common pathway characteristics:

A
  • pathways are paired
    -cell locations: axons are in spinal cord tracts; cell bodies are in spinal cord gray horns
    -each pathway is made of a chain of two or more neurons
72
Q

Autonomic nervous system
-sudden constriction of small arteries of digits
-triggered by cold or emotional stress
-due to exaggerated local sympathetic response

A

Raynaud syndrome

73
Q

controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands
-preganglionic: transmits nerve signals to a ganglionic motor neuron
-ganglionic motor neuron: transmits nerve signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-visceral sensory: detects stimuli associated with blood vessels and the viscera

A

autonomic nervous

74
Q

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
-motor neuron: transmits nerve signals to skeletal muscle
-sensory neuron: detects stimuli and transmits nerve signals from the special senses, the skin, and proprioreceptors in joints and muscles

A

somatic nervous

75
Q

multiple preganglionic neurons synapsing on one ganglionic neuron

A

neuronal convergence

76
Q

branches of axon from one preganglionic neuron synapsing with numerous ganglionic neurons

A

neuronal divergence

77
Q

integration and command center for autonomic functions; involved in emotions

A

hypothalamus

78
Q

contains major ANS reflex centers

A

brainstem

79
Q

contains ANS reflex centers for defecation and urination

A

spinal cord

80
Q

-brings body to homeostasis in conditions of “rest and digest”
-conserves energy and replenishes nutrient stores

A

parasympathetic division

81
Q

-brings body to homeostasis in conditions of “fight of flight”
-increases alertness and metabolic activities
-widespread response

A

sympathetic division

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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