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A&P 1 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

groups of cells similar in structure and function
-types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

A

tissues

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2
Q

covers external/internal surfaces

A

covering and lining epithelia (epithelial tissue)

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3
Q

covers secretory tissues in glands

A

grandular epithelia (epithelial tissue)

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4
Q

two main types: covering and lining/grandular

functions:
-physical protection: protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
-selective permeability: allows passage of some substances while preventing passage of others
-secretions: some cells are specialized to secrete
-sensations: supply information to nervous system

characteristics:
-cells have polarity: apical (upper, free) and basal (lower, attached) surfaces
-composed of closely packed cells
-supported by connective tissue reticular lamina
-avascular but innervated
-high rate of regeneration

classifications: 1. how many layers? 2. what type of cell

A

epithelial tissue

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5
Q

one layer

A

simple

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6
Q

multiple layers

A

stratified

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7
Q

squished cell

A

squamous

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8
Q

square or cubed cells

A

cuboidal

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9
Q

column or cylinder-shaped cells

A

columnar

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10
Q

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei, the simplest of the epithelia

function: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

A

simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, some cells bear cilia, may contain mucus-secreting glands (goblet cells)

function: absorption, secretion of mucus/enzymes/other substances, ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action

location: nonciliated type lines most of digestive tract/gallbladder/excretory ducts of some glands, ciliated variety lines small bronchi/uterine tubes/ some regions of uterus

A

simple columnar epithelium

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12
Q

thick membrane composed of several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active, surface cells are flattended

function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus/mouth/vagina, keratinized variety forms the epidermis of skin/dry membrane

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

embryonic connective tissue
-gives rise to all other connective tissues
-gel like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped cells

A

mesenchyme

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14
Q

structural elements: cells, fibers, ground substance

functions:
-binding and support: ligaments and tendons
-protection: bones of cranium, fat for kidneys
-storage: fat for energy, bone for calcium
-transport: blood

A

connective tissue

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15
Q

contains:
-macrophage: engulfs debris or dead tissues
-fibroblast: secretes resources that give fiber types
-mast: immune cells that secrete histamine
-neutrophil: “wondering cells”, destroying bacterial cells

A

cell types of connective tissue

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16
Q

strongest and most abundant type, 25% of body’s protein, provides high tensile strength

A

collagen (white fibers) (fiber type of connective tissue)

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17
Q

network of long, thin elastic fibers that allow for stretch (skin, arteries)

A

elastic (fiber type of connective tissue)

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18
Q

short, fine, mesh, highly branched collagenous fibers; abundant in the stroma of lymph nodes and liver

A

reticular (fiber type of connective tissue)

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19
Q

non living material
-medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
-solid/semisolid
-viscous
-components: interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, cell adhesion proteins

A

ground substance

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20
Q

gel like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
*fewer fibers, more ground substance

function: wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

location: widely distributed under epithelia of body i.e. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

A

loose connective tissue; areolar

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21
Q

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
*more fibers, less ground substance

function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

A

dense connective tissue; dense irregular

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22
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibro

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23
Q

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers from an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

location: forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

location: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

A

fibrocartilage

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25
Q

closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae; abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; limited ground substance

function: maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility

location: external ear, epiglottis of larynx

A

elastic cartilage

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26
Q

functions of the skin

A
  1. resistance to trauma and infection (protection)
  2. immune defense
  3. vitamin D3 synthesis (metabolic regulation)
  4. sensations: heat, cold, pressure, vibration
  5. thermoregulation
  6. nonverbal communication
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27
Q

covers front of hands and bottoms of feet
-epidermis is 0.5mm thick

A

thick skin

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28
Q

covers rest of the body
-epidermis is 0.1mm thick

A

thin skin

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29
Q

most superficial

layers (superficial to deep):
-stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

A

epidermis

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30
Q

under epidermis/middle layer

A

dermis

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31
Q

energy reservoir and thermal insulation

A

subcutaneous tissue (fat)

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32
Q

only found in thick skin, serves as padding

A

stratum lucidum

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33
Q

stem cells divide to create keratinocytes (most abundant cell)

A

stratum basale

34
Q

cells create spikes when stained

A

stratum spinosum

35
Q

filled with granulocytes that help form protective barrier, depositing of kertain takes place (thick protein that kills cells to create keratinized layer)

A

stratum granulosum

36
Q

living- doesn’t contain keratin

dead- contains keratin

A

keratyinocytes

37
Q

detects sensations

A

tactile cells

38
Q

produces melanin, protects nucleus from UV lightening

A

melanocytes

39
Q

0.2mm to 4mm thick; blood supply and nerve endings; facial muscles attach for expressions; contains hair follicles; arrector pili muscles
-contains papillary and reticular layers

A

dermis

40
Q

superficial layer of dermis with extensive nerve fibers, sensory nerve fibers that detect pressure/vibration/cold, motor nerve fibers that controls blood flow and gland secretions; forms dermal papillae and composed of areolar connective tissue

A

papillary dermal layer

41
Q

80% thickness, deepest layer, contains: pressure receptors, blood vessels, collagen fibers, phagocytes

A

reticular dermal layer

42
Q

subcutaneous tissue, has more areolar and adipose than dermis has

A

hypodermis

43
Q

most superficial layer of epidermis; 20-30 layers of dead, flattened, keratin filled keratinocytes

A

stratum corneum

44
Q

functions of the skeleton

A
  1. protection
  2. movement
  3. reservoir for minerals
  4. red blood cell production
45
Q

composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments

A

skeletal system

46
Q

rigid organ

A

bone

47
Q

forerunner of most bones; covers many joint surfaces of mature bone

A

cartilage

48
Q

holds bones together at joints (bone to bone)

A

ligaments

49
Q

attach muscle to bone

A

tendons

50
Q

dense or cortical bone; 80% of bone mass
-provides strength and rigidity

A

compact bone

51
Q

cancellous or trabecular bone; 20% of bone mass
-provides stress relief throughout the bone

A

spongy bone

52
Q

semirigid connective tissue; more flexible than bone

A

cartilage

53
Q

longer than they are wide
examples: arm/leg bones

A

long bones

54
Q

wider than they are long
examples: hand/foot bones

A

short bones

55
Q

flat
examples: skull bones

A

flat bones

56
Q

have no designed shape
examples: vertebra

A

irregular bones

57
Q

ends of bones

A

epiphysis

58
Q

middle shaft

A

diaphysis

59
Q

contains growth plate (epiphyseal line), separates epiphysis from diaphysis

A

metaphysis

60
Q

continuous with tendons, where regenerator cells are found, provides support for blood vessels

A

periosteum

61
Q

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bones

A

bone marrow

62
Q

contains hemopoietic tissue which produces blood cells

A

red marrow (myeloid tissue)

63
Q

fatty marrow that does not produces blood, found in adults

A

yellow marrow

64
Q

contains ground substance, fibers, and cells; soft organic substances that undergoes mineralization (calcifies)

A

osseous tissue

65
Q

found in periosteum; mitotically active (can divide)

A

osteogenic cell

66
Q

lays down bone

under endosteum/periosteum; synthesize organic matter of bone matrix; nonmitotic

A

osteoblasts

67
Q

building

former osteoblasts in matrix that now resides in lacunae; cytoplasmic process that reaches into canaliculi; connect to osteoblasts; importance of canals

A

osteocytes

68
Q

breaking down

ruffled border; increases cell surface area; reside in pits: resorption bays

A

osteoclasts

69
Q

osteoid produced by osteoblasts; collagen protein; semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycooproteins

A

organic components

70
Q

salt crystals and calcium phosphate; interacts with calcium hydroxide (forms crystals: hydroxyapatite); crystals deposit around collagen fibers; harden matrix and account for rigidity of bones

A

inorganic components

71
Q

growth in length

occurs within internal regions of cartilage; dependent upon growth of cartilage within the epiphyseal plate

A

interstitial growth

72
Q

produce cartilage matrix

A

chondroblasts

73
Q

chondoblasts encased within the matrix; occupy small spaces: lacunae; maintain the matrix

A

chondrocytes

74
Q

growth in width

occurs on cartilage’s outside edge; occurs within the periosteum
-osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae and osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity

A

appositional growth

75
Q

formation and development of bone/connective tissue; begins in the embryo; continues through childhood and adolescence

A

ossification or osteogenesis

76
Q

bone growth within a membrane

produces:
-flat bones of skull
-some facial bones
-mandible
-central part of clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

77
Q

steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. ossification centers from within thickened regions of mesenchyme
  2. osteoid undergoes calcification
  3. woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
  4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form
78
Q

embryonic development; produces most bones of skeleton; mesenchyme develops into body of hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

79
Q

steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. fetal hyaline cartilage model develops: chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix during 8th to 12th week of development
  2. cartilage calcifies, a periosteal bone collar forms: chondrocytes in the cartilage model produce holes in the matrix, matrix calcifies and chondrocytes die- produces calcified cartilage shaft with large holes
  3. primary ossification center forms in diaphysis: periosteal bud extends from periosteum into cartilage shaft, growth of capillaries and osteoblasts; osteoblasts produce osteoid on calcified cartilage template; bone development extends in both directions towards epiphyses
  4. secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses: hyaline cartilage calcifies and degenerates; blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells enter; secondary ossification centers form
  5. bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
  6. lengthwise growth continues until epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines: growth continues until epiphyseal plate is covered to epiphyseal line indicates bones has reached adult length
80
Q

continues throughout adulthood; occurs at different rates; 20% of skeleton are replaced yearly; dependent upon the coordinated activities of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts; influenced by hormones and mechanical stress

A

bone remodeling

81
Q

dwell constitutively in tissues and organs
examples: fibroblasts

A

resident cells

82
Q

cells that wander due to a signal
examples: macrophages, lymphocytes

A

wandering cells

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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