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A&P 1 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

stationary attachment

A

point of origin

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2
Q

movable point of attachment

A

point of insertion

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3
Q

cordlike structure of dense regular connective tissue
-attached muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle
-epimysium+ perimysium+ endomysium

A

tendon

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4
Q

prime mover; muscles that contracts to produce a movement

A

agonist

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5
Q

muscle whose contraction opposes that of the agonist

A

antagonist

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6
Q

muscle that assists agonist by contributing tension or stabilizing point or origin (acting as fixators)

A

synergist

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7
Q

indicates muscle’s primary action
ex: flexor digitorum longus flexes digits

A

muscle action

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8
Q

indicates muscle location
ex: rectus femoris is near the femur

A

specific body region

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9
Q

indicates origins and/or insertions
ex: sternocleidomstoid originates on the sternum

A

muscle attachment

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10
Q

indicates organization of muscle fascicles
ex: rectus abdominis is composed of fibers running in vertically straight orientation

A

orientation of muscle fibers

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11
Q

ex: deltoid is shaped like a triangular delta symbol

A

muscle shape

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12
Q

ex: gluteus maximus is the largest of the buttocks muscles

A

muscle size

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13
Q

indicates number of muscle bellies or heads each contains at the superior or proximal attachment site
ex: triceps brachii has three heads

A

number of muscles heads at an attachment site

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14
Q

types of muscle tissues:

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
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15
Q

functions of skeletal muscles

A
  1. movement
  2. posture
  3. protection
  4. regulation
  5. heat
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16
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  1. excitability
  2. conductivity
  3. contractility
  4. elasticity
  5. extensibility
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17
Q

ability to respond to a stimulus by changing electrical membrane

A

excitability

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18
Q

sending of electrical signal or change down the length of the cell membrane

A

conductivity

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19
Q

enables a muscle to cause movemement

A

contractility

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20
Q

ability of a muscle to turn back to its original length

A

elasticity

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21
Q

ability of a muscle to be stretched

A

extensibility

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22
Q

dense irregular connective; outer layer of connective tissue that wraps around the skeletal muslce

A

epimysium

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23
Q

wraps around each fasicle

A

perimysium

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24
Q

muscle fiber bundles

A

fascicles

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25
Q

wraps around each muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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26
Q

thin, flattened sheet of dense irregular tissue

A

aponeurosis

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27
Q

immature muscle cell

A

myoblasts

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28
Q

helps maintain the shape of a muscle fibers

A

satellite cell

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29
Q

composed of thick and thin myofilaments

A

myofibrils

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30
Q

allows for electrical signals to spread deep within a fiber

A

transverse tubules (t-tubules)

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31
Q

serves as reservoir, holds calcium

A

sacroplasmic reticulum

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32
Q

plasma membrane, wraps around entire muscle fiber

A

sacrolemma

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33
Q

function unit of skeletal muscle; myofilaments arranged in repeating units

A

sacromere

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34
Q

consist of bundles of myosin proteins

A

thick filaments

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35
Q

twisted strands of protein strands, contains protein actin

A

thin filaments

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36
Q

specialized protein structures that anchor in thin filaments

A

Z disc

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37
Q

attachment site for thick filaments

A

M line

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38
Q

where thick and thin filaments don’t overlap, only contains thin filaments

A

I band

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39
Q

regions of overlapping thick and thin filaments

A

A band

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40
Q

no overlapping of filaments, only contains thick filaments

A

H zone

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41
Q

multi complex protein structure that binds calcium

A

troponin

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42
Q

-type of synapse
-site where an axon of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber interact
-skeletal muscle fibers contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron
-parts: motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

43
Q

segment of muscle fiber that forms synapse with motor neuron

A

motor end plate

44
Q

difference in charge on one side of the motor end plate and the other side of the motor end plate

A

end plate potential

45
Q

events of the neuromuscular junction:

A
  1. nerve impulse that comes from the spinal cord
  2. nerve reaches synaptic end bulb (terminal end of motor neuron) and triggers opening of calcium channels
  3. calcium moves down concentration gradient inside terminal end
  4. calcium will trigger packaging and mobilization of synaptic vesicles
  5. synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane at terminal end and then rupture releasing neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  6. neurotransmitter binds to specialized gated channels
  7. channels open and sodium (positive charge) moves down its concentration gradient
46
Q

chemical messengers
ex. acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitters

47
Q

-when sacromeres shorten, thin filaments slide past thick filaments
-thin and thick filaments do not change length
-overlap between filaments increase

A

sliding filament model of muscle contraction

48
Q

steps of crossbridge:

A
  1. formation; enzymes cleave off final phosphate -> energy release
  2. myosin head springs up making contact with thin filament; enzyme comes and cleaves off ADP releasing energy and creating power stroke
  3. ATP binds myosin, causing detachment of myosin from actin; cross bridge dissociates
  4. ATP hydrolysis occurs, cocking myosin head
  5. repeat
49
Q

breaks bond between myosin head and thin filament

A

ATP (in crossbridge)

50
Q

-during neuromuscular stimulation is released from the sacroplasm reticulum
-circulates and makes it way down to the troponin
-as binding happens, binding sites for myosin heads are uncovered

A

calcium (in crossbridge)

51
Q

single, brief contraction period and then relaxation period of a skeletal muscle in response to a single stimulation

A

twitch

52
Q

force exerted by unit of cross sectional area on object in order to oppose a force called the load; when the myosin heads bind to thin filament

A

tension

53
Q

has to do with coupling of the events taken place in neuromuscular junction

A

latent period

54
Q

motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers they innervate

A

motor unit

55
Q

sends out signals to skeletal muscles; stimulates activity

A

motor neuron

56
Q

-continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscle
-muscle’s resistance to passive stretch during resting state
-do not generate enough tension for movement
-involuntary/stabilize

A

muscle tone

57
Q

-muscle produces internal tension, but external resistance causes it to stay the same length
-important in postural muscle function and antagonistic muscle joint stabilization

A

isometric muscle contraction

58
Q

muscle changes in length with no change in tension

A

isotonic muscle contraction

59
Q

muscle shortens as it maintains tension

A

concentric contraction

60
Q

muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

A

eccentric contraction

61
Q

-small diameters, many large mitochondria appear red due to large amounts of myoglobin
-ATP generated mainly through aerobic respiration
-develop tension slowly
-resist fatigue
-capable of prolonged and sustained contraction
-muscle fibers associated with isometric postural function

A

slow oxidative fibers

62
Q

-intermediate in diameter
-large amounts of myoglobin and appear red
-ATP generated through aerobic respiration and glycolysis
-moderately resistant to fatigue
-muscle fibers associated with large motor skills

A

fast oxidative fibers

63
Q

-large and white (no myoglobin)
-large amount of glycogen
-ATP generated through glycolysis
-fatigues rapidly
-contract and relax quickly, providing a short surge of power

A

fast glycolytic fiber

64
Q

functions of nervous system:

A
  1. collect information
  2. processes and evaluate information
  3. initiate response to information
65
Q

receptors detect stimuli and send sensory signals to spinal cord and brain

A

collect information

66
Q

brain and spinal cord determine response to sensory input

A

processes and evaluate information

67
Q

brain and spinal send motor output via nerves to effectors (muscles or glands)

A

initiate response to information

68
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

69
Q

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

70
Q

input; detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS

A

sensory nervous system

71
Q

output; initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors (aka target)

A

motor nervous sytem

72
Q

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (i.e. eyes, ears, and skin)

A

somatic sensory

73
Q

sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs (i.e. heart)

A

visceral sensory

74
Q

motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle

A

somatic motor

75
Q

motor output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

autonomic motor

76
Q

neuron characteristics:

A
  1. excitability
  2. conductivity
  3. secretion
  4. extreme longevity
  5. amitotic
77
Q

receives information from neighboring neurons; receptive ends of neurons

A

dendrites

78
Q

where the neuron cell body transitions into axon

A

axon hillock

79
Q

bridges the gap between sensory and motor neurons; most abundant

A

interneuron

80
Q

afferent

A

sensory neuron

81
Q

efferent

A

motor neuron

82
Q

-nonexcitable
-smaller
-mitosis
-protect and nourish neurons
-types: oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, ependymal, microglial

A

glial cells (neuroglia)

83
Q

-myelinates and insulates CNS axons
-allows faster action potential propagation along axons in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

84
Q

-helps form the blood brain barrier
-regulates interstitial fluid composition
-provides structural support and organization to the CNS
-assist with neuronal development
-replicates to occupy space of dying neurons

A

astrocyte

85
Q

-lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
-assists in production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

ependymal

86
Q

-phagocytic cell that moves through the CNS
-protects the CNS by engulfing infectious agents and other potentially harmful substances

A

microglial

87
Q

process of wrapping an axon with myelin
-myelin: several layers of membrane of glial cells

A

myelination

88
Q

the energy to do stuff; difference between extracellular and intracellular

A

potential

89
Q

electrical charge difference at the membrane

A

membrane potential

90
Q

the electrical charge difference at the membrane when cell is at rest
-occurs in entire neuron
-distribution in ions across the membrane
-negative charge due to proteins inside cell
-membrane only allows slow leak of ions

A

resting membrane potential

91
Q

binding of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic neurons; production of graded protentials

A

receptive segment

92
Q

summation of graded potentials; initiation of action potential

A

initial segment

93
Q

propagation of action potential

A

conductive segment

94
Q

action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

A

transmissive segment

95
Q

steps of an excited neuron:

A
  1. nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic bulb
  2. packaging of neurotransmitters/packaging synaptic vesicles
  3. synaptic vesicles via exocytosis bud with membrane and release neurotransmitters
  4. neurotransmitter makes its way across the synaptic cleft binding postsynaptic neuron and ligand-gated channels
  5. ligand gated channels then open up-> increasing permeability across the membrane
  6. sodium (example) will move down its gradient inside the postsynaptic neuron
96
Q

can increase strength, can increase the amount of ions inside membrane; can stimulate neurons and multiple sites

A

graded response

97
Q

responds to changes inside the cell; normally closed, but open when membrane charge changes

A

voltage gated ion channel

98
Q

once channels are in the refractory period they will remain shut-> prevents sodium from moving back in the opposite direction towards the axon hillock

A

back propagation

99
Q

-occurs in neuron’s receptive region due to ion flow through chemically gated channels
-can be positive or negative changes in charge
-are graded: have larger potential change to stronger stimulus
-are local (travel only a short distance)

A

graded potentials

100
Q

-occur on neuron’s conductive region (axon) due to ion flow through voltage gated channels
-involve depolarization (Na+ in) then repolarization (K+ out)
-are all or none once threshold is reached
-propagate down entire axon to synaptic knob

A

action potentials

101
Q

-proteins pores in the membrane that allow ions to move down their concentration gradients (into or out of the cell)

A

channels

102
Q

always open for continuous diffusion

A

leak (passive) channels

103
Q

normally closed, but open when neurotransmitter binds

A

ligand (chemically) gated channels

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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