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A&P 1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

studies the form and structure of the body; microscopic or gross

A

anatomy

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2
Q

examines structures, specimens examined under microscope; cytology or histology

A

microscopic anatomy

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3
Q

study of cells and all of their internal structures; type of microscopic anatomy

A

cytology

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4
Q

study of tissues; type of microscopic anatomy

A

histology

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5
Q

investigates structures visible to the unaided eye, specimens dissected for examination; divisions include systemic, regional, comparative

A

gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy)

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6
Q

studies the anatomy of each body; type of gross anatomy

A

systemic anatomy

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7
Q

examines the structures in a body region; type of gross anatomy

A

regional anatomy

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8
Q

examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species; type of gross anatomy

A

comparative anatomy

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9
Q

examines how the body functions/works

A

physiology

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10
Q

properties common to all organisms:

A
  1. organization
  2. metabolism
  3. grown and development
  4. responsiveness
  5. regulation
  6. reproduction
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11
Q

all organisms exhibit complex structure and order

A

organization

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12
Q

the sum of all chemical reactions found in the body (anabolic- small to large or catabolic- large to small)

A

metabolism

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13
Q

organisms assimilate from the environment

A

growth and development

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14
Q

ability to sense and react (foundation of homeostasis)

A

responsiveness

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15
Q

“steady state”, ability to adjust

A

regulation

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16
Q

produce new cells

A

reproduction

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17
Q

levels of organization:

A
  1. atom/molecule
  2. chemical level
  3. cellular level
  4. tissue level
  5. organ level
  6. organ system
  7. human
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18
Q

upright stance, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at the sides of the body, palms face anteriorly (towards the front), head is level, eyes look forward

A

anatomic position

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19
Q

actual cut or slice of the body

A

section

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20
Q

imaginary flat surface of the body

A

plane

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21
Q

head, neck, and trunk; forms the main vertical axis of the body

A

axial region

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22
Q

upper and lower limbs

A

appendicular region

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23
Q

the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions

A

homeostasis

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24
Q

components of homeostatic system:

A
  1. receptor detects stimulus
  2. control center interprets (nervous system, endocrine response)
  3. effector brings
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25
Q

changes in a variable that is regulated (temperature, stretch in muscle)

A

stimulus

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26
Q

structure that detects the stimulus (sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in muscle)

A

receptor

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27
Q

integrates input and initiates change through the effector (usually the brain or endocrine gland)

A

control center

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28
Q

structure (muscle or gland) brings about a change of the stimulus

A

effector

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29
Q

controls most processes of the body, variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point, resting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus
-example: temperature regulation

A

negative feedback

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30
Q

occurs much less frequently, stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until a climatic event occurs then the body returns to homeostasis
-examples: breastfeeding, blood clotting, labor

A

positive feedback

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31
Q

study of the molecules that compose living organisms; carbohydrates, fats, protein, and nucleic acids

A

biochemistry

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32
Q

atomic number

A

proton and neutron number

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33
Q

negative charged atom located outside of the nucleus

A

electron

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34
Q

positive charged atom located inside the nucleus

A

proton

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35
Q

neutral atom located inside the nucleus

A

neutron

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36
Q

atoms tend to lose, gain or share electrons to complete the outer shell

A

octect rule

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37
Q

stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio; ionic or molecular (covalent)

A

chemical compounds

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38
Q

structures composed of ions help together in a lattice by ionic bonds; like a static shield that links them together

A

ionic compounds

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39
Q

charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons; has a negative or positive net charge due to a loss or gain of one or more elements

A

ion

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40
Q

two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

A

covalent compounds

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41
Q

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

A

ionization

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42
Q

particle that gains electrons (net negative charge)
-examples: fluoride ion, chloride ion, hydroxide ion

A

anion

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43
Q

particle that loses electrons (net positive charge)
-examples: hydrogen ion, sodium ion, potassium ion

A

cation

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44
Q

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
-important in chemic reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle

A

electrolytes

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45
Q

indicates number and type of atom

A

molecular formula

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46
Q

indicates number and type of atom, indicates arrangement of atoms within the molecules

A

structural formula

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47
Q

sharing of electrons, occurs when both atoms require electrons, occurs with atoms with 4 to 7 electrons in the outer shell, 96% of elements formed in the human body using: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

A

covalent bond

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48
Q

relative attraction of each atom for electrons; determines how electrons are shared in covalent bonds

A

electronegativity

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49
Q

two atoms of the same element have equal attraction for electrons

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

50
Q

multiple atoms have unequal attraction for electrons

A

polar covalent bonds

51
Q

proton donor (releases H+ ions in water), releases more H+; 1-6 on scale

A

acid

52
Q

proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions), releases OH-; 8-14 on scale

A

base

53
Q

substance that causes a resistance to a change in pH

A

buffer

54
Q

potential of hydrogen

A

pH

55
Q

large organic molecules synthesized by the body; always contain carbon and hydrogen (some also have nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur)

A

biological macromolecules

56
Q

identical repetitive subunits

A

monomers

57
Q

joined to form small to large macromolecules

A

polymers

58
Q

single unit; glucose, galactose and fructose

A

monosaccharide (carbohydrate)

59
Q

sugar made of two monosaccharide; sucrose, lactose, and maltose

A

disaccharide (carbohydrate)

60
Q

long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50); glycogen

A

polysaccharides

61
Q

chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other, saturated

A

fatty acid (lipid)

62
Q

three fatty acid chains and glycerol molecule; more double bonds=polyunsaturdated

A

triglyceride (lipid)

63
Q

polymer of amino acids

A

protein

64
Q

biological catalyst, proteins facilitate chemical reactions; increase rate of reaction without being consumed and reduce activation energy, highly specific

A

enzyme

65
Q

unique 3 dimensional structure in protein chain, very specific; permits only a single substrate to bind and helps catalyze only one specific reaction

A

active site

66
Q

the amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule, moves the reaction over an “energy hill”, helps keep substrates close to they can for a product

A

activation energy

67
Q

inhibitor and substrate “compete” for active site, overcome by increasing substrate concentration

A

competitive inhibitor

68
Q

inhibitor bind to site other than active site=allosteric site, causes enzymes to change shape, renders active site unreceptive

A

non competitive inhibitor

69
Q

surrounds cells and defines boundaries, made of proteins and lipids
-functions: protects the cell from its external environment, mediates cellular transport, transmits cellular signals

A

plasma (cell) membrane

70
Q

fluid that makes up cytoplasm, aka intracellular fluid; contains water, proteins, carbs, lipids

A

cytosol

71
Q

contains organelles, cytoskeleton, inclusions, and cytosol

A

cytoplasm

72
Q

temporarily stored chemical substances; pigments, protein crystals, glycogen, fat droplets
-2 kinds: stored products or foreign bodies

A

inclusions

73
Q

hydrophilic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tail; contains two different regions

A

amphipathic

74
Q

inserted into membrane to provide membrane with fluidity support

A

cholesterol

75
Q

sugar protein structures embedded in membrane

A

glycolipid and glycoprotein

76
Q

inserted with membrane

A

integral proteins

77
Q

attached to internal or external regions of the membrane

A

peripheral proteins

78
Q

primary structures of the cell:

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
79
Q

binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells

A

receptor

80
Q

constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell

A

channel

81
Q

gate that opens and closes to allow solutes through only at certain times

A

gated channel

82
Q

glycoprotein acting as a cell identity marker distinguishing the body’s own cells from foreign cells

A

cell identity marker

83
Q

cell adhesion molecule that binds one cell to another

A

cell adhesion molecule

84
Q

measurement of how much something changes as you move from one region to another

A

gradient

85
Q

measurement of how much the concentration of something changes as you move form one region to another (high to low)

A

concentration gradient

86
Q

net movement of a substance form an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

A

diffusion

87
Q

no energy needed as long as there is a concentration gradient (high to low); can be active or passive

A

simple diffusion

88
Q

channel needed, passive process that moves down the gradient

A

facilitated diffusion

89
Q

any liquid media

A

solvent

90
Q

stuff you dump into solvent

A

solute

91
Q

solvent and solute

A

solution

92
Q

movement of water not solute, passive movement of water through selectively permeable membrane, differences in water concentration on either side of a membrane

A

osmosis

93
Q

ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis; isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic

A

tonicity

94
Q

interstitial fluid is the same concentration as cytosol; no net movement

A

isotonic solution

95
Q

interstitial fluid is less concentrated than cytosol; water enters cell (nears hemolysis)

A

hypotonic solution

96
Q

interstitial fluid is more concentrated than cytosol; water leaves the cell (undergoing crenation)

A

hypertonic solution

97
Q

movement of solute against its concentration gradient, requires energy

A

active transport

98
Q

uses energy directly from breakdown of ATP, changes proteins shape and movement across the membrane

A

primary active transport

99
Q

finger like projections that increase surface area, important in process of absorption

A

microvilli

100
Q

intermediate size, create currents and trap debris

A

cilia

101
Q

works like motorized tail, can propel cell through environment

A

flagellum

102
Q
  1. structure support and organization of cell: maintains cell shape, stabilizes cell junction, organizes organelles
  2. cell division: separates chromosomes during cell division, splits cell into two daughter cells
  3. movement: facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, involved in the movement of vesicles within a cell, muscle contraction
A

cytoskeleton (non membrane bound)

103
Q

specialized subunits, usually within a cell that has a specific function

A

organelle

104
Q

cell organelles that enclosed within a unit membrane
-examples: endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria,

A

membranous organelles

105
Q

type of cell organelles that lack a membrane enclosing them
-examples: ribosomes, centrosome, proteasomes, cytoskeleton,

A

nonmembranous organelles

106
Q
  1. synthesis: synthesizing proteins for secretion
  2. processing molecules: modifies proteins
  3. organelle formation: helps form peroxisomes
  4. vesicle formation: forms transport vesicles for shipping of proteins
A

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (membrane bound)

107
Q
  1. synthesis: site of lipid
  2. processing molecules: carbohydrate metabolism
  3. detoxification: detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons
  4. vesicle formation: forms transport vesicles for shipping
A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) (membrane bound)

108
Q
  1. synthesis: forms proteoglycans
  2. processing molecules: modifies and stores protein
  3. organelle formation: synthesizes digestion enzymes
  4. vesicle formation: forms secretory vesicles for delivering components
A

golgi apparatus (membrane bound)

109
Q

digestion: break down molecules within vesicles that enter cell by endocytosis, remove damaged organelles and cellular components and break down cellular components following cellular death

A

lysosomes (membrane bound)

110
Q
  1. digestion: break down molecules with hydrogen peroxide produced during the process
  2. synthesis: forms specific types of lipids
A

peroxisomes (membrane bound)

111
Q

energy harvesting: digest organic molecules to produce ATP by aerobic cellular respiration

A

mitochondria (membrane bound)

112
Q

protein synthesis:
1. bound synthesize proteins destined to be incorporated into the plasma membrane
2. free synthesize proteins for use within the cell

A

ribosomes (non membrane bound)

113
Q

1.synthesis: organize microtubules and support their growth in nondividing cells
2. cell division: direct formation of spindle fibers in dividing cells

A

centrosomes (non membrane bound)

114
Q
  1. protein digestion: degrade proteins that are damaged, incorrectly folded, or no longer needed
  2. quality assurance: control the quality of exported cell proteins
A

proteasomes (non membrane bound)

115
Q

membrane junction, composed of plasma membrane proteins that form strands or rows of proteins
1. seal off intercellular space and prevent substances from passing unregulated between the epithelial cells
2. prevent the mixing of membrane proteins and lipids on either side of the junction, therfore maintaining the polarity of the epithelium

A

tight junctions

116
Q

membrane junction, composed of several different proteins that bind neighboring cells
1. where protection is needed

A

desmosomes

117
Q

membrane junction, composed of integral plasma membrane proteins that form a very small fluid filled tunnel or pore that extends across a small gap between adjacent cells
1. specialized tunnels that allow for the passage of certain substances

A

gap junction

118
Q
  1. cellular regulation: houses genetic material, which directs all cellular activities and regulates cellular structure
  2. production: produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
A

nucleus

119
Q

ribonucleic acid, copy of a gene formed from DNA in nucleus; pre mRNA is transcribed from DNA and processed to form mRNA prior to leaving the nucleus

A

transcription

120
Q

uses RNA for synthesis of protein by ribosomes in cytosol; mRNA is reading to direct tRNAs in adding amino acids and a protein molecule is formed

A

translation

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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