Unit 4 Flashcards
Issues w/ data from childhood and adolescence
-Comes from self reports and interviews
-There is little data
-Controversial topic
-Children are vulnerable
Longitudinal Study
Over a long period (years)
-Strong confidence in results (well sampled)
-Able to see developmental changes
Observational Study
-Very little data
-Hard to perform
-Part of socialization and learning
-Shame role
-Inaccurate data
Sexual Response from infancy to preschool
Sexual response occurs even in utero and infancy
-Erection in male
-Reports of vaginal lubrication in F infant hours after birth
-Infant F orgasm possible
Psychosexual Development Inf-PreS
-Intimacy w/ children is normal and should be seen as so
-Children can set their own boundaries
Masturbation/Self Stim in Inf-PreS
Shaming masturbation is positive reinforcement for:
-DEC in behavior
-Shame and guilt feelings
-Hiding actions
-M VS F value learned
*M valued more
*Encouraged to follow masc or femm roles
*F learn inferiority
Masturbation is taught as
-“If it feels good, its bad”
*Around this time 50% children engage in self-stim
-Negative attitude = Shame/anxiety = secrecy = guilt
-Healthy messages should be used
-M masturbate earlier and more than F
Role of Family During Childhood: nudity
-Children are often nude:
*Younger = more acceptable
*Gender difference in acceptance of nudity
*Socialization role
-What do if they walk in on you?
-Respect their privacy
Attachment
Early attachment reflects adult attachment style
-INC physical affection = INC adult sex life quality
-Teaching children their body is THEIRS
*Creation of boundaries
-Instilling confidence and self worth
-Listen and trust a child that confides in you about abuse
*They are loved and it is not their fault
Child-Child Sexual Encounter
Playing Doctor - Children exposing genitalia and/or fondling them
*Ask what they’re doing (Chances are they don’t know)
*Don’t shame them
Lack of Hetero Behavior (~6-11)
-M&F separate
*Cooties!
-Role in understanding gender
-Socialization
Bio & Social function of gender separation in childhood
-11-12 M&F in same-sex interaction
-Adrenarche
-M more likely to engage in this behavior
*circle jerk
-Most children having some sort of consensual sexual experience
Adrenarche
DHEA INC andgrogen
-~10yo
Childhood Sexualization
Sexuality is inappropriately imposed on children & they’re valued because of it
-F more effected than M
-Learning that sexual = value
Childhood sexualization and learning
-Learning INC value from sexuality = INC sexual behavior
-INC chance of later getting plastic surgery
-Grades/career suffer from worrying about appearance
-DEC in self-esteem, INC body issues
-Lead to too early sex and bad relationships
-INC chance of engaging in risky sexual behavior
Sexual Interest During Adolescence (12-18)
INC sexual interest
-Strong correlation between T levels and sexual activity
-T correlation in F but much weaker than M
*Stronger w/ absent father
-Permissive attitudes = INC chance of engaging in sex
-Religiosity effect
*F w/ INC religiosity = DEC sex
Masturbation During Adolescence
-M more than F
-M spike ~14
Social Influences During adolescence
Parents, friends, then teachers
-Teens are more likely to listen to friend’s advice
Media and Sexuality
Shown as heteronormative, casual, unsafe, and usually while drunk!
-Alcohol consumption = bad sex
*Hard to stop sex because “alcohol = sex”
-Overall mixing the two leads to bad decisions and impulsivity
Media and Sexuality II
-Learning from media = INC chance of engaging in risky or drunk sex
-INC porn viewing = INC chance of engaging in sex the following year
*Learning of sexual script
If they AREN’T having sex, why? (15-19yo)
1) Don’t want to get pregnant
#2) Against their morals/religion
#3) Haven’t found the right person
If they ARE having sex, why? (15-19yo)
1) Social pressure/status, to achieve masc., ect.
-M have INC pressure, F have INC anxiety
#2) Pleasure, feels good
#3) Relationship goals
Same-Gendered Sex (15-19)
Same-gendered sex doesn’t usually happen around this age
-7% F, 2% M, somehow equals out to ~5% overall
Too Early Sex
Sex before the age of 15
Consequences of too early sex
-Likely to not use condom
-Likely INC of future partners
-Risk of STDs
-F less likely to later marry (10yrs later)
*Mate value gone down?
Predictors of too early sex
-Parental Issues
*DEC monitoring
*Not living w/ parents
*What parents teach
-Physical Development
*INC, especially in F than M
-Education acquisition
-Media consumption
-Self-esteem
Cross Culture too early sex
11% having too early sex in US
-Is very high in S American countries
*Africa
*Influence on resource availability
Pros and Cons of the Adolescent Brain
Pros:
-Nucleus Accumbens - Senses what we like
-Amygdala - Emotions
-INC creativity and adventurism
Cons:
-Pre-frontal cortex - Makes rational decisions
*Slow to develop
Data of Early Adulthood
-Survey/sampling bias as taken from college students
-Participation bias of volunteers
-Is heteronormative in nature
90% by age 25-
Influences on the likelihood of having intercourse
-Stress
-Goal attainment
*Social status
*revenge sex
-Emotions
*Love and commitment
*Make you feel better
-Insecurity
*Feel better about self
Frequency of sex in young adults
Those 18-29, there a 50% rise of people NOT having sex
-DEC weekly, INC monthly
-Overall downward trend of those having sex and how frequently
Influences on Frequency of sex in young adults
-Stress and use of antidepressants
*Obesity
*Diabetes
*Risk of seen as rude
-Technology
-Porn in media
*Bad expectations
-“Hesitant M”
*Is doubtful
-Living w/ Parents
*economy
Diverse Sex Lives of College Yrs and Adulthood
Active and unprotected
-INC partners = DEC importance
-MOD satisfaction
Diverse Sex Lives… Satisfied Group
Satisfied Group
-Regular sex = DEC importantce
-Satisfied w/ when they get it
-DEC in partners, INC in safety
Diverse Sex Lives… Inactive Group
-Low/no frequency
-Low importance
-Low satisfaction
Diverse Sex Lives… Pressure Group
-DEC satisfaction
-Frequently COERCED into sex (partner or social script)
Hooking Up
Intercourse, foreplay, ect
-Not easy to define
-Varies person to person
-M INC comfort w/ oral or vaginal intercourse
-F INC comfort w/ activity above the waist
Friends w/ Benefits
Friends who may be sexually intimate
-Someone w/ previous connection, then sex
-NO commitment
Fuck Buddy
Only sex, no relationship or friendship
-No emotional connection
Expectations for a romantic relationship after…
FwB - INC chance
Hook ups - Very low
*may lead to fuck buddies
Predictors of Casual Sex after hook up
-Obtained feelings after casual sex
-If you already knew them
Hooking up and cognitive dissonance
When discrepancy occurs between two attitudes &/or behaviors
-INC stress
-May lead to lying to self
Does hooking up = bad sex?
Generally, yes
-Magnifies O gap and DEC pleasure
*M more likely to O than F
-Receiving oral
*DEC chance for F in hook up or general
-INC chance of coercion during hook ups
Alcohol and Sex (College-YA)
-Gender threatened = INC alcohol consumption
*INC impulsive and risky behavior/sex
-Alcohol Myopia - Focused on present, no concern of future
Consequences of alcohol and sex (college-YA)
-F DEC chance of obtaining O
*If they do, its less intense/pleasurable
-M cannot turn off erection (if they get one) if consuming alcohol
-M DEC chance of erection and cognitive control
Consequences of alcohol and sex II (college-YA)
-Alcohol w/ casual sex = DEC satisfaction, especially F’s
-Alcohol w/ sex = sexual regret
-INC drinks = INC chance of coitus (esp. risky P-vag or P-anal)
-INC alcohol = Bad/DEC communication = INC rape or sexual coercion
*Less blame on M, more for F
Casual Sex (College YA)
-Seen as: M = Stud, F = whore
-INC loneliness after
*More F than M
*Social role in no M communication
*Peers find M get sad/offended
Age of Marriage
-M > F to marry
-We are marrying later
*M may b/c of INC resources
-In W culture, love is the main reason for marriage
Serial Monogomy
Having more than 1 monogamous sexual relationship
-1/4 do this
*Potential learning opportunity
Cohabitation
Living w/ romantic partner before marriage
-INC in occurrence
*Religion playing less of a role
*DEC in marriages overall
-Test-run for partner
-Consistency Principal - Make a decision, stick to it
Cohabitation Disadvantages
-Unconsciously knowing you can leave
-More likely to stay for convenience
-Doubt of marriage caused by cohabitation
-Role of having a child together
*Better benefits from staying not married
Singleism
Stigma that theres something wrong w/ them
-Someone wants to date you = INC worth
-Stigma of: casual sex = fun!
*M rewarded, F DEC in value
*Societal pressure for M to date (gay if not!)
Use of technology in relationships
-DEC intimacy
-Role of environment
-Burn out from unsuccessful relationships
*Learning theory
What do M tend to find attractive in F?
-Physique
*Hip to breast ratio and fat distribution
*Signs of reproductive fitness
What do F tend to find attractive in M?
-Physique
*Adams apple
*Shoulder hip ratio and fat distribution
*Signs of reproductive fitness
-Resources
Homophily
Liking those of the same status
-In group
*Genetic similarities
-Learning
*Promotes our ego
*+ reinforcement, implicit egoism
-Varying types of “philys”
Racial
*White / white (DOM culture)
*Asians = INC chance of being w/ not same race
*Beats all over ‘philys
SEC
Being attractive influencing your life
INC attraction = INC popularity = INC dates
-Only for F
*Femm theory
*Sexualization based on appearance
*Pretty privilege
*Valued b/c reproductive fitness (in exchange for resources?)
Mere-Exposure Effect
INC time/exposure to someone = INC in attraction to them
*Opposite happens for those w/ aversive features
Being attractive influencing life II
-INC benefits in HS and life in general
-Stereotype of beauty = good
-INC attention and mental health
-Starts EARLY
Bio differences and attraction
F have more at risk when they reproduce
-Big investment
-F child rear, M just impregnate
Different mating patterns
M are sexually promiscuous to spread genes, F are choosey to get best genes
-Traditional cultures, M valued for power (resources), F valued for beauty
-Egalitarian cultures, F have INC resources, M are NOW more valued for their beauty
-We like those who activate our positive self-views
When to be vigilant for attractiveness? (Socio-bio theory)
-Younger = INC attraction = regular and reproductively healthy
-M&F INC chance of engaging in risky sex w/ those INC in attractiveness
-We like facial symmetry, ≠ reproductive fitness tho
Other things we find attractive
-Influence of odor
*Objective
*Turn OFF if we don’t like
*Pheromones
*INC attractiveness = Seen to smell good
-Body type
*hip to waist ratio = 0.7 in W culture, 0.8 in not
-Breast size
*med > Lg > XL > small (British men)
-Muscularity
*Not too much (Seen as DOM, aggressive, volatile)
*Shoulder to hip ratio
*Effect of mating status
Penis size and attraction
-No substantial differences in races
-No correlation w/ hands or feet
-Attractiveness doesn’t INC after 3in when flaccid
-Girth > length
*nerve endings in lower third of vagina
-Vagina expands to 5-6in aroused
*Average penis size is 5.2-5.3in
*M overstate in self reports
-Penis size is INC overall in M
*Evolution and hyper MASC
*Earlier puberty
