UNIT 4

Question 1

membrane potential

Answer 1

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

Question 2

sodium-potassium pumps

Answer 2

exchange of 3 Na with 2 K

Question 3

neurotransmitters

Answer 3

chemicals released by neurons that interact with receptors on membranes of other neurons

Question 4

postsynaptic depolarization

Answer 4

increases neuron firing

Question 5

postsynaptic hyperpolarization

Answer 5

decrease neuron firing

Question 6

graded responses

Answer 6

strength of signal equal to strength of postsynaptic potential

Question 7

action potentials

Answer 7

electrical impulses which send signals around your body

Question 8

threshold of excitation

Answer 8

when the sum of depolarizations and hyperpolarizations is enough to depolarize membrane

Question 9

integration

Answer 9

combining individual signals into overall signal

Question 10

temporal summation

Answer 10

synapses add up for greater signal

Question 11

voltage-activated ion channels

Answer 11

ion channels that open or close depending on membrane potential

Question 12

absolute refractory period

Answer 12

period after initiation of action potential where it is imposible to evoke a second one

Question 13

relative refractory period

Answer 13

period where you can only fire a neuron again by applying higher-than-normal levels

Question 14

antidromic conduction

Answer 14

action potential from end of axon to cell body

Question 15

orthodromic conduction

Answer 15

action potential from cell body to the end of the axon

Question 16

axodendritic synapses

Answer 16

terminal buttons on dendrites

Question 17

axosomatic synapses

Answer 17

terminal buttons on somas

Question 18

axoaxonic synapse

Answer 18

selectively influence one particular synapse

Question 19

coexistence

Answer 19

neuron with 2 neurotransmitters

Question 19

ligand

Answer 19

molecule that binds to another

Question 20

ionotropic receptors

Answer 20

when neurotransmitter binds, immediate postsynaptic potential

Question 21

autoreceptors

Answer 21

type of metabotropic receptor which monitors number of neurotransmitters in synapse

Question 22

gap junctions

Answer 22

narrow spaces between adjacent cells bridged by connexins

Question 23

tripartite synapse

Answer 23

synaptic transmission due to communication between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons with astrocytes

Question 24

amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 24

located in synapses in CNS (glutamate)

Question 25

monoamine neurotransmitters

Answer 25

located in neurons with cell body in brain stem (dopamine)

Question 26

acetylcholine

Answer 26

located in neuromuscular junctions

Question 27

soluble-gas neurotransmitters

Answer 27

unconventional neurotransmitter produced in cytoplasm and immediately diffuse through cell membrane into extracellular fluid

Question 28

endocannabinoids

Answer 28

similar top marijuana, produced just before released

Question 29

pituitary peptides

Answer 29

peptides released in pituitary gland

Question 30

hypothalamic peptides

Answer 30

peptides released by hypothalamus

Question 31

brain-gut peptides

Answer 31

peptides discovered in gut

Question 32

opioid peptides

Answer 32

peptides with similar structure than opium

Question 33

miscellaneous peptides

Answer 33

rest of peptides not fitting in categories

Question 34

agonists

Answer 34

drugs to facilitate synaptic transmission

Question 35

antagonists

Answer 35

drugs to inhibit synaptic transmission

Question 36

periaqueductal gray

Answer 36

part of brain connecting 3rd and 4rth ventricle