UNIT 2 Flashcards
X-ray photography
spotting out structures which differ substantially in the degree of X-ray absorbance
contrast X-rays
injecting substance that absorbs X-rays to highlight certain area
X-ray computed tomography
patients lies and X-ray tube rotates taking photographs until 3d representation is created
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
waves that hydrogen atoms emit produce high-resolution images
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
images of brain activity rather than structure. Need to inject substance (most common ligands)
Functional MRI
Images of active areas of the brain, as they take up more oxygenated blood. Provides structural and functional information and gives 3D images
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
pathways where water molecules diffuse (tracts)
transcranial magnetic stimulation
technique to turn off an area of the cortex to determine causation
Scalp Electroencephalography
measure of electrical activity of the brain. Signal decrease in amplitude as they spread, so you can find origin. Signal averagin is used
megnetoencephalography
changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp (they are small, so only measure on surface)
muscle tension
2 electrodes on surface of the skin on muscle of intrest
eye movement
measure potential difference of positive and negative of eyeball. It can be recorded horizontally or vertically
skin conductance
measure emotional situations
heart rate
electrodes placed on chest (70 rest)
blood pressure
contraction, systole // relaxed diastole. Ratio 130/70
blood volume
wrap strain gauge and flash a light through the tissue to see amount of light absorbed
stereotaxic surgery
experimental devices placed on brain. Stereotaxic atlas and stereotaxic intrsument
Aspiration Lesion
lesion in accessible area to the eyes
radio-frequency lesions
high-frequency current through target tissue
knife cuts
cut to elimate conduction
reversible lesions
temporarily eliminating activity of area
electrical stimulations
delivered across two tips of bipolar electrode to increase neuron firing
intracellular unit recording
moment by moment record on a neuron’s membrane potential
extracellular unit recording
recording electrical activity of neuron extracellular fluid through microelectrode.More record of firing of a neuron, used flexible microelectrodes due to moving animals
multiple-unit recording
picking up signals from many neurons
invasive EEG recording
EEG recording through implanted electrodes
2-Deoxyglucose technique
inject 2-DG and engage in activity of intrest.
1. Absorb 2-DG but not metabolize it
2. Dies and brain removed and sliced
3. Sliced in autoradiography, areas absorbing 2-DG black spots
cerebral dyalisis
measuring the extracellular concentration ofspecific neurochemicals
1. Implant fine tube
2. Extracellular chemicals diffuse into tube
3. Collected by freezing, storing and analyzing // solution direct to chromotograph
immunocytochemistry
locating neuroproteins by labeling antibodies with a dye
In situ Hybridization
- Hybrid RNA strands obtained
- Hybrid RNA strands labelled with dye
- Hybrid RNA strands bind to complementary mRNA strands
gene knockou technique
creating organisms who lack a particular gene
gene replacement technique
replacing a gene with another
Green fluorescent protein
protein bright green when exposed ro blue light. Used to visualize particular cells (variants of gene can express other colors)
single-test approach
discriminate between patients with structural brain damage and functional brain changes (standarized test battery is more than 1 test)
customized test battery approach
to identify the nature of psychological deficits. Scientists measure how well you do it and your cognitive strategy. They measure
intelligence
memory
language
language lateralization
sodium amytal test
inject sodium amytal into left or right carotid artery. It antesthesizes same side hemisphere and when you do language tests, if you anesthiseze dominant part you are mute, other part, minor speech problems
dichotic listening test
spoken digits 3 one side 3 other, you remember most dominant part
repetition priming test
list of words and then you have incomplete words, the same as before and have to complete them. Amnesic patients are not conscious of any of the words shown before
wisconsin Card Sorting
cards with different shapes, color and numbers, when you spot pattern they change. Frontal lobe damaged makes it difficult to spot previous pattern has changed
paired image subtraction technique
do 2 tasks and subtract the brain activity of one from the other, to measure the brain activity of a specific task
default mode
brain activity when humans are wandring in their mind, not much effort
default mode network
brain structures active in default mode and les acctive in complex cognitive processes
thigmotaxic
low activity score of animal but high bolus sounts indicate fearfulness
test of aggresiveness
measure behaviour of dominant male rat and male intruder
test of defensive behavior
if you pick up a rat, no resistance low defense, biting, high defense
test of sexual behaviour
- male behind female
- receptive female, lordosis position
- male inserts penis, intromission
- male jumps backwards and second later intromits once agein
- need 10 cycles to ejaculate
pavlovian conditioning paradigm
pairing conditiona with uncoditional stimulus, at first unconditional response. It ends with conditional response similar to unconditional
operant conditioning paradigm
rate of a voluntary response increases with reinforcement or decreases with punsihment
conditioned taste aversion
avoidance of food that has developed illness. Only need a single trial, no matter time of feeling ill
principle of equipotentiality
conditioning process occurs always in a similar way regardless of stimuli and response
radial arm maze
after few days rarely visit unbaited arms and rarely visit baited arms more than onece a day
morris water maze
they need to discover escape platform. Eventhough starting point is varied after a few trials rats learn how to swim directly to platform
conditioned defensive burying
there is an aversive object on wall of a chamber. After one trial they through bedding material to avoid getting harmed
