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Foundations Of Biopsychology > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

X-ray photography

A

spotting out structures which differ substantially in the degree of X-ray absorbance

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2
Q

contrast X-rays

A

injecting substance that absorbs X-rays to highlight certain area

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3
Q

X-ray computed tomography

A

patients lies and X-ray tube rotates taking photographs until 3d representation is created

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4
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

waves that hydrogen atoms emit produce high-resolution images

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5
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

images of brain activity rather than structure. Need to inject substance (most common ligands)

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6
Q

Functional MRI

A

Images of active areas of the brain, as they take up more oxygenated blood. Provides structural and functional information and gives 3D images

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7
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A

pathways where water molecules diffuse (tracts)

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8
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

technique to turn off an area of the cortex to determine causation

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9
Q

Scalp Electroencephalography

A

measure of electrical activity of the brain. Signal decrease in amplitude as they spread, so you can find origin. Signal averagin is used

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10
Q

megnetoencephalography

A

changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp (they are small, so only measure on surface)

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11
Q

muscle tension

A

2 electrodes on surface of the skin on muscle of intrest

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12
Q

eye movement

A

measure potential difference of positive and negative of eyeball. It can be recorded horizontally or vertically

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13
Q

skin conductance

A

measure emotional situations

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14
Q

heart rate

A

electrodes placed on chest (70 rest)

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15
Q

blood pressure

A

contraction, systole // relaxed diastole. Ratio 130/70

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16
Q

blood volume

A

wrap strain gauge and flash a light through the tissue to see amount of light absorbed

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17
Q

stereotaxic surgery

A

experimental devices placed on brain. Stereotaxic atlas and stereotaxic intrsument

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18
Q

Aspiration Lesion

A

lesion in accessible area to the eyes

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19
Q

radio-frequency lesions

A

high-frequency current through target tissue

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20
Q

knife cuts

A

cut to elimate conduction

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21
Q

reversible lesions

A

temporarily eliminating activity of area

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22
Q

electrical stimulations

A

delivered across two tips of bipolar electrode to increase neuron firing

23
Q

intracellular unit recording

A

moment by moment record on a neuron’s membrane potential

24
Q

extracellular unit recording

A

recording electrical activity of neuron extracellular fluid through microelectrode.More record of firing of a neuron, used flexible microelectrodes due to moving animals

25
Q

multiple-unit recording

A

picking up signals from many neurons

26
Q

invasive EEG recording

A

EEG recording through implanted electrodes

27
Q

2-Deoxyglucose technique

A

inject 2-DG and engage in activity of intrest.
1. Absorb 2-DG but not metabolize it
2. Dies and brain removed and sliced
3. Sliced in autoradiography, areas absorbing 2-DG black spots

28
Q

cerebral dyalisis

A

measuring the extracellular concentration ofspecific neurochemicals
1. Implant fine tube
2. Extracellular chemicals diffuse into tube
3. Collected by freezing, storing and analyzing // solution direct to chromotograph

29
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

locating neuroproteins by labeling antibodies with a dye

30
Q

In situ Hybridization

A
  1. Hybrid RNA strands obtained
  2. Hybrid RNA strands labelled with dye
  3. Hybrid RNA strands bind to complementary mRNA strands
31
Q

gene knockou technique

A

creating organisms who lack a particular gene

32
Q

gene replacement technique

A

replacing a gene with another

33
Q

Green fluorescent protein

A

protein bright green when exposed ro blue light. Used to visualize particular cells (variants of gene can express other colors)

34
Q

single-test approach

A

discriminate between patients with structural brain damage and functional brain changes (standarized test battery is more than 1 test)

35
Q

customized test battery approach

A

to identify the nature of psychological deficits. Scientists measure how well you do it and your cognitive strategy. They measure
intelligence
memory
language
language lateralization

36
Q

sodium amytal test

A

inject sodium amytal into left or right carotid artery. It antesthesizes same side hemisphere and when you do language tests, if you anesthiseze dominant part you are mute, other part, minor speech problems

37
Q

dichotic listening test

A

spoken digits 3 one side 3 other, you remember most dominant part

38
Q

repetition priming test

A

list of words and then you have incomplete words, the same as before and have to complete them. Amnesic patients are not conscious of any of the words shown before

39
Q

wisconsin Card Sorting

A

cards with different shapes, color and numbers, when you spot pattern they change. Frontal lobe damaged makes it difficult to spot previous pattern has changed

40
Q

paired image subtraction technique

A

do 2 tasks and subtract the brain activity of one from the other, to measure the brain activity of a specific task

41
Q

default mode

A

brain activity when humans are wandring in their mind, not much effort

42
Q

default mode network

A

brain structures active in default mode and les acctive in complex cognitive processes

43
Q

thigmotaxic

A

low activity score of animal but high bolus sounts indicate fearfulness

44
Q

test of aggresiveness

A

measure behaviour of dominant male rat and male intruder

45
Q

test of defensive behavior

A

if you pick up a rat, no resistance low defense, biting, high defense

46
Q

test of sexual behaviour

A
  1. male behind female
  2. receptive female, lordosis position
  3. male inserts penis, intromission
  4. male jumps backwards and second later intromits once agein
  5. need 10 cycles to ejaculate
47
Q

pavlovian conditioning paradigm

A

pairing conditiona with uncoditional stimulus, at first unconditional response. It ends with conditional response similar to unconditional

48
Q

operant conditioning paradigm

A

rate of a voluntary response increases with reinforcement or decreases with punsihment

49
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

avoidance of food that has developed illness. Only need a single trial, no matter time of feeling ill

50
Q

principle of equipotentiality

A

conditioning process occurs always in a similar way regardless of stimuli and response

51
Q

radial arm maze

A

after few days rarely visit unbaited arms and rarely visit baited arms more than onece a day

52
Q

morris water maze

A

they need to discover escape platform. Eventhough starting point is varied after a few trials rats learn how to swim directly to platform

53
Q

conditioned defensive burying

A

there is an aversive object on wall of a chamber. After one trial they through bedding material to avoid getting harmed

Foundations Of Biopsychology (5 decks)

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