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BEH 5043 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmark of the Science of Behavior Analysis

A

Visual Analysis of Graphical Displays of Data

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2
Q

Visual analysis via graphs provides

A

Rapid access to information that may be hidden in a data table or list of numbers

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3
Q

Visual analysis via graphs as a process, replaces

A

The use of most aspects of statistical analysis

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4
Q

Data

A

The quantification of a measurable phenomenon

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5
Q

The IV can be

A

A point in time and/or some other environmental variable

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6
Q

Visual Analysis is

A

A systematic visual examination of data

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7
Q

Two Basic Steps of Visual Analysis

A

1 - Evaluate the general characteristics of the entire display
2 - Inspect and analyze specific data

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8
Q

Evaluate the general characteristics of the entire data display

A

Display type, range and continuity of each axis, variables under consideration, etc.

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9
Q

Inspect and analyze specific data

A

Evaluate data trend, level, and variability within and across phases

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10
Q

Typically, data are presented as

A

Repeated measurement over time

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11
Q

The purpose of visual analysis

A

To evaluate the possible effect of specific environmental variables on the target behavior

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12
Q

The purpose of visual analysis answers two basic questions:

A

1 - Was there a meaningful change in behavior?
2 - To what extent can the change in behavior (the DV) be attributed to a specific environmental change (IV)

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13
Q

Visual analysis has also been termed

A

Criterion by inspection

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14
Q

Visual analysis is the _____ of _____ and ____

A

The cornerstone of behavior analytic research and practice

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15
Q

Three types of data displays

A

-Data embedded in text
-Data presented in a table
-Graphical display

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16
Q

Graph is defined as

A

Data display that provides visual representations of relationship(s) between a series of measurements and relevant variables

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17
Q

A graph is also known as

A

A chart

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18
Q

Tables and data embedded within a text may be used as

A

Adjuncts to graph

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19
Q

Some Benefits of Using Graphs

A

-Provide immediate access to an ongoing visual record of behavior
-Promote continuous evaluation
-Unexpected variants in data can lead to more complete analysis
-Aid in judgment and interpretation of data more quickly and with less training than required by statistical evaluation

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20
Q

Visual analysis via graphs tends to be more ____ than statistical analysis

A

Conservative

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21
Q

Who can benefit from reviewing data presented in a graph?

A

The person whose behavior is measured on the graph, the data collectors, the behavior analyst

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22
Q

Types of Graphs in ABA

A

-Equal-interval line graph
-Cumulative records
-Bar graph
-Semi-logarithmic graphs (e.g., standard Celeration chart)

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23
Q

What is another name for a bar graph?

A

Histogram

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24
Q

Cumulative Record

A

Graphic display of cumulative number of responses across time

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25
Q

Bar graph

A

Graphic display for summarizing categorical data

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26
Q

Celeration (Semi-Log) Chart

A

Graphic display of responses across time that includes a logarithmic y-axis

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27
Q

Equal-Interval Line Graph

A

Data display that uses data points connected by lines to provide visual representations of relationship(s) between variables

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28
Q

An equal-interval line graph is also known as

A

Line graph, simple line graph, frequency polygon

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29
Q

A point on a simple line graph represents

A

A specific relationship between the two variables measured along each axis line

30
Q

Each point on the y-axis represents

A

A quantifiable amount of behavior

31
Q

Each point on the x-axis represents

A

A point in time or some other environmental variable

32
Q

The most commonly used format for charting ABA data

A

Equal-interval line graphs

33
Q

Parts of an equal-interval line graph

A

-Horizontal x-axis
-Vertical y-axis
-Axis labels
-Condition and phase change lines
-Condition and phase change labels
-Data Points
-The data path
-Figure legend

34
Q

Vertical axis has a ____ ratio to the horizontal axis because ____

A

2:3 ratio because it allows for a better display of Variability and data distortion is limited

35
Q

Benefit/purpose of data points/path clear

A

Clarity in data/directionality

36
Q

Benefit/purpose of figure caption

A

Conveys overall graph meaning

37
Q

Figure caption is also known as

A

Legend

38
Q

X-Axis is also known as

A

The abscissa

39
Q

The x-axis is sometimes based on

A

A variable other than time

40
Q

The Y-Axis is also known as

A

The ordinate

41
Q

Behavior rates are best expressed as ___, rather than ____

A

Best expressed as a function of whole-time units, rather than using nonstandard units (e.g. per hour, per minute, not per class or per session)

42
Q

For reduction targets, y-axis range:

A

1.5-2.0x the highest measured baseline value

43
Q

If the data path spikes above the upper range of the y-axis

A

-Re-chart your data with a new y-axis
-Run path to the top of the graph and put the outlying value next to that line segment

44
Q

Ranges for acquisition ranges

A

No convention exists. Depends on the specific behavior being charted. Usually set the maximum above the learning goal (25-33%)

45
Q

The y-axis to x-axis ratio should be between

A

2:3 and 5:8

46
Q

Data Point

A

A point in the graph that represents a specific relationship between the two variables measured along each axis line

47
Q

Each data point is an individual measured value of

A

The target behavior (DV) at a given point in time

48
Q

Data path

A

A series of straight lines connecting each successive data point within a phase or condition

49
Q

The data path represents

A

The relationship between the IV and the DV

50
Q

Each line in the data path represents

A

An estimate of the behavior

51
Q

The primary focus for analysis and interpretation

A

Data path

52
Q

The more data points collected, the more…

A

Confidence that can be placed in the story of the behavior depicted in the data path.

53
Q

Figure legend

A

Concise statement that provides information about the graph

54
Q

Converting to common units

A

Data on dimensional quantities are often collected during unequal periods of observation and must be converted into standard units

55
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Values that summarize a data set

56
Q

Use of descriptive statistics

A

-With groups or with repeated measures of an individual
-To complement the visual analysis of graphs

57
Q

Two types of descriptive statistics

A

-Central tendency of data
-Spread of data

58
Q

Central tendency of data

A

-Mean
-Median
-Mode

59
Q

Spread of data

A

-Range
-Variation
-Standard deviation

60
Q

Mean

A

Average value of a data set

61
Q

Median

A

Middle data point in an ordered data set

62
Q

Mode

A

Data value that occurs most often in a data set

63
Q

In visual analysis, we most often use the ____ to analyze our data

A

Mean

64
Q

When analyzing a graph visually, we must look at what four characteristics of the data plotted on the chart?

A

Level
Variability
Trend
Number of data points

65
Q

Level

A

The mean value of a set of data points, usually across an entire condition or phase

66
Q

The level line is always

A

A flat horizontal line drawn through a set of data points
Typically on the mean

67
Q

A visual inspection of a shift in level can allow you to

A

Evaluate the effect of the change in the independent variable

68
Q

Trend

A

Overall direction of the data path through a set of data points

69
Q

Trend is described in terms of

A

The overall direction of a data path (increasing, decreasing, no trend). Never “first increasing then decreasing.”

70
Q

Trend line

A

Straight line through graphically displayed data indicating the overall direction and slope of the data path

71
Q

Variability

A

The extent to which measures of behavior under the same environmental conditions diverge from one another

72
Q

Variability is best determined around

A

A central reference - the trend line

BEH 5043 (6 decks)

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