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BEH 5043 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Discontinuous Recording Methods are

A

Methods in which all instances of the target behavior are not captured during the observation period. Occurrences are known/planned to be missed.

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2
Q

When are discontinuous recording methods appropriate?

A

When continuous measures are challenging

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3
Q

Interval Recording

A

Discontinuous measures in which the observation period is divided into smaller time periods, and criteria for occurrence or nonoccurrence are established

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4
Q

Interval recording is also known as

A

Time sampling

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5
Q

Data in interval recording are typically reported as

A

Percentage of intervals

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6
Q

Types of interval recording

A

Partial-Interval Recording (PIR)
Whole-Interval Recording (WIR)
Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)
Planned activity check (PLACHECK)

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7
Q

Partial-Interval Recording

A

A form of interval recording in which occurrence is noted if the behavior occurs at any time during the interval

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8
Q

PIR Advantages

A

-Easier to record than rate/frequency with high-rate responses and responses without a clear start and end.
-High IOA

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9
Q

PIR Disadvantages

A

Underestimates frequency of high-rate behavior
Overestimates duration of responding

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10
Q

When to use PIR

A

For moderately high frequency behavior
For behavior without clear start/stop
For behaviors targeted for decrease

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11
Q

Whole-Interval Recording

A

A form of interval recording in which occurrence is only noted if the behavior occurs for the entire interval

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12
Q

WIR advantages

A

-May be easier to record than duration per occurrence or total duration (can stop observing as soon as the behavior stops occurring)

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13
Q

WIR Disadvantages

A

Underestimates duration of responding

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14
Q

WIR should only be used for

A

Behaviors targeted for increase

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15
Q

When to Use WIR

A

-For behavior with significant duration
-Continuous measurement of duration may not be feasible
-For behaviors targeted for increase

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16
Q

Momentary Time Sampling

A

A form of interval recording in which occurrence/nonoccurrence of behavior is observed and recorded at the end of the interval

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17
Q

MTS Advantages

A

-Very easy to record
-May be most accurate representation of duration (doesn’t have a bias towards over or underreporting)

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18
Q

MTS Disadvantages

A

May not be representative (doesn’t capture behavior during the interval) - shortest of snapshots

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19
Q

When to use MTS

A

-When continuous observation is not feasible
-When observer has other responsibilities
-For behavior targeted either for increase or decrease

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20
Q

Planned Activity Check (PLACHECK)

A

A variation of momentary time sampling where the number of members of a group engaging in the target behavior is noted at the end of the interval

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21
Q

When to use PLACHECK

A

-When data are needed on the behavior of individuals within a group
-When continuous observation is not feasible

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22
Q

Bias in measurement

A

A tendency to consistently over or underreport events

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23
Q

Discrete trial probes

A

A discontinuous recording procedure in which a sample of the behavior is collected during discrete trials when treatment is not yet, or is no longer, in effect

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24
Q

Discrete Trial Probes: Advantages

A

-Easier to collect than continuous (all trial) data
-May correlate with data from more sessions (three or more)

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25
Q

Discrete Trial Probes: Disadvantages

A

-Not continuous; limited representation
-May lead to premature determination of mastery

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26
Q

Discrete trial probes are also known as

A

First-trial probes

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27
Q

Derivative Measures

A

Forms of data obtained from direct measures of behavior

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28
Q

Two derivative measures of behavior

A

-Percentage
- Trials-to-criterion

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29
Q

Percent Correct

A

The ratio of correct responses out of the total number of responses as a fraction of 100

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30
Q

Percent Occurrence

A

The ratio of target responses out of the total number of opportunities to respond

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31
Q

Advantages of Percentage

A

-Puts response dimensions in context
-Not just frequency, but frequency out of opportunities

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32
Q

Disadvantages of percentages

A

-Lose reference to behavioral dimensions
-Percent and percent correct are not dimensional quantities

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33
Q

Discrete Categorization (Coding)

A

A data collection method for classifying responses - codes for behavior

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34
Q

Discrete categorization is reported as

A

Percent of responses for each code

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35
Q

Discrete Categorization (Coding) Advantages

A

-Allows collection of data on qualitative measures
-Can measure topography, magnitude, intensity, etc

36
Q

Discrete Categorization (Coding) Disadvantages

A

-Often nominal (naming) rather than quantitative data
-May not graph easily - need to be careful with interpretation

37
Q

Trials-to-Criterion

A

A measure of the number of opportunities required until responding reaches a targeted level of performance

38
Q

Trials-to-criterion is a measure of

A

Learning efficiency

39
Q

Trials-to-Criterion can be used to

A

Assess learner competency or to evaluate the efficiency of different teaching strategies

40
Q

Permanent Products

A

A change in the environment produced by behavior

41
Q

Permanent products are sometimes known as

A

Response products

42
Q

Permanent Products: Advantages

A

-Don’t have to be there when the behavior happens (measurement may be easier and more accessible)
-May be more accurate, complete, continuous (allows for multiple people to observe same results and more than one time)

43
Q

Permanent Product Disadvantages: Lacks _____; Cannot always ________ and ________; Use of recording can _____

A

-Lacks correspondence between products and behaviors
-Cannot always be sure of the response that produced the product
-Cannot always be sure who engaged in the response
-Use of recording can cause people to behave differently (reactivity)

44
Q

Amenable to Measurement by Permanent Products - Two Rules

A

1 - Each occurrence of behavior produces the same product
2 - Permanent product is ONLY produced by the target behavior

45
Q

Low-Tech Measurement Tools

A

-Pencil and paper data sheets
-Frequency counters

46
Q

High-Tech Measurement Tools

A

Using machines/computers to record data

47
Q

Advantages of Automated Measurement

A

Do what they’re designed to do, don’t get distracted

48
Q

Disadvantage of automated measurement

A

May not account for variations in topography, intensity, etc.

49
Q

Manual (human) measurement advantages

A

More flexible/responsive - able to detect variation in topography, intensity

50
Q

Manual (human) measurement disadvantages

A

Humans can get distracted

51
Q

Guidelines for selecting a response measure

A

-Choose continuous measures, if possible
-Compromise with discontinuous measures, if needed.

52
Q

Evaluating Measurement

A

Effective and Analytic

53
Q

Effective

A

Have we made a change?
Did behavior change?
Did the change matter?

54
Q

Analytic (Evaluating Measurement)

A

Confidence that the change in behavior was due to the independent variable.

55
Q

Three essential factors

A

Validity, accuracy, reliability

56
Q

Measurement validity

A

Correspondence of a measure to behavior, legitimately and directly measured.

57
Q

Measurement accuracy

A

Comparison of a measure with a known standard

58
Q

Measurement accuracy determines

A

Whether the observed value matches the true value

59
Q

Measurement Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

60
Q

Rank the terms by order of importance: Reliability, validity, accuracy

A

Validity, accuracy, reliability

61
Q

Considerations in Selecting Observation Methods

A

-Training
-Feedback
-Contingencies
-Ensure accuracy
-Prevent observer drift

62
Q

Troubleshooting issues: Failure to collect data

A

-Make as easy as possible
-Practice to fluency
-Set expectations before or use contract
-Transmit data more frequently
-Reinforce and shape

63
Q

Troubleshooting issues: Losing data sheets

A

-Electronic
-Brightly covered folders/binders
-Central location or near where behaviors occur
-Make portable if possible

64
Q

Troubleshooting issues: Data are being estimated

A

-Support the efforts
-Stress the importance of honesty - it’s better to have no data than to have inaccurate data
-Shaping

65
Q

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

A

A comparison of two or more independent observers’ recording of the same events

66
Q

IOA as a Measure of Reliability

A

Might be considered a measure of inter-rater reliability.

67
Q

IOA is not a measure of

A

Validity or accuracy

68
Q

IOA is more so a measure of

A

Believability

69
Q

Uses of IOA

A

-Determine competence of new observers
-Detect observer drift
-Increase confidence in definitions and measurement procedures
-Confirma that variability in data reflects behavior and not observers

70
Q

General standard of IOA

A

80%

71
Q

IOA is reported as

A

Percent agreement

72
Q

Two general approaches to calculating IOA

A

1 - Smaller number divided by the larger number
2 - Number of agreements divided by the number of agreements plus disagreements

73
Q

Total Count IOA - Measurement and formula

A

-Rate, frequency
- Smaller number/larger number

74
Q

Mean Count-per-Interval IOA

A

Int 1 IOA + Int 2 IOA…./N intervals

75
Q

Most stringent form of count per interval IOA

A

Exact Count

76
Q

Exact Count-per-interval IOA formula

A

of intervals with 100% agreement/N intervals

77
Q

Total Duration IOA formula

A

Shorter duration/longer duration

78
Q

Mean Duration-per-occurrence IOA formula

A

Dur 1 IOA + Dur 2 IOA…/# of responses with duration

79
Q

Types of Count IOA

A

Total count, mean-per-interval, exact count-per-interval

80
Q

Types of duration IOA

A

Total Duration, Mean Duration-per-occurrence

81
Q

Interval-by-Interval IOA formula

A

intervals agreed/#agreed+#disagreed

82
Q

Scored-interval IOA is also known as

A

Occurrence IOA

83
Q

Scored-interval IOA only looks at

A

Agreement on occurrence of behavior (scored)

84
Q

Unscored-interval IOA is also known as

A

Nonoccurrence IOA

85
Q

Unscored-interval IOA only looks at

A

Agreement on nonoccurrence of behavior (unscored)

86
Q

IOA data should be collected

A

-Across phases/conditions
-For all observers
-For 20-33% of all observations

BEH 5043 (6 decks)

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