Unit 1 Flashcards
Focus of ABA practice
Individual level, better quality of life, achieve meaningful outcomes
Pragmatism
Philosophical assumption that the truth of theories or beliefs are assessed by the success of their application
ABA practice involves
Direct observation, measurement, graphing, manipulation of antecedents and consequences
ABA practice methods include
Assessment, development/design of the plan, plan implementation, monitoring and evaluation, plan revision, and consultation
Behavior Analysis: The ___________ to studying the effects of ______
The natural science approach to studying the effects of environmental variables on behavior
Behavior Analysis is the ____ of ______.
Behavior analysis is the science of behavior
The two uses of the term Behavior Analysis: The scientific study of _____; the _______
The scientific study of functional relations between behavior and environmental events and the technological applications
Basic Operations of Behavior Analysis
G - Graphed Data
R - Repeated measures
A - Analysis and interpretation
D - Direct observation
E - Environmental manipulation
S - Systematic evaluation
Direct observation is defined as:
Directly observing behavior, environmental events, and the environmental context in real life
Direct observation is referred to as the:
Show me method
Measurement is defined as
Quantifying different dimensions of behavior
During observation we measure using one or more of the following:
Number (count) of responses, when or how long a response occurs
Repeated Measures
Data collected multiple times before and after each environmental manipulation and during any other phase
Graphed Data
An ongoing collection of data charted on different types of graphical displays
Environmental manipulation
Systematically changing the environment by manipulating antecedents and/or consequences
What should occur once repeated measures of behavior have been taken through direct observations?
Graph collected data
What are systematically manipulated in behavior analysis?
Antecedents and consequences
Types of environmental manipulations
S - Signal a consequence
P - Present an antecedent stimulus
E - Establish or abolish the effectiveness of a consequence
W - Withdraw an antecedent stimulus
P - Pair two or more stimuli
P - Provide a consequence
What is an example of presenting an antecedent stimulus?
Hand washing sign, other visual supports
What is an example of withdrawing an antecedent stimulus?
Removing snacks from view
Example of pairing stimuli
Pavlov, early sessions (pairing clinician with reinforcement), tokens and money
Example of providing a consequence
Money for chores, get food for pressing lever
Signaling a consequence example
“Break” card on the table, light up clock
Example of Establishing/Abolishing the value of a consequence
Schedule manding session right before lunch, deprive rat of food before a session
Systematic Evaluation is defined as
The use of a single-subject designs to control for extraneous variables where each individual serves as their own control
Analysis and Interpretation: _____ analysis of ____ case designs to identify ________
Visual analysis of single case designs to identify functional relations between behavior and environmental events.
In behavior analysis, ______ analysis of data is used to identify relations between behavior and environmental events
Visual analysis
ABA Practice is the ____
Application of the principles of behavior analysis to assess and improve socially significant human behavior
Pragmatism in action
ABA practice
ABA practice is derived from
Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)
Outcomes
Functional statements about what a person wants to accomplish and attain in their life
Outcomes are specified in
Outcome statements
Outcomes are NOT _____
Specific changes in behavior
The ultimate goal of service is referred to as the ______.
Outcome
Critical Attributes of Behavior
Biological in nature
Involves action
Involves interaction between the organism and the environment
BehavER
Individual who is behaving and whose behavior we are observing
Behavior is ______ the organism.
Behavior is not a part of the organism. E.g., have intelligence, are lazy
Response cycle is also known as
Movement cycle
A response cycle consists of
A beginning, middle, and end.
Response Class
A collection of two or more topographically different responses that have the same effect on the environment
A target behavior should be:
Defined, observable, measurable, and the focus of assessment, analysis, and intervention
A target behavior is:
Behavior (response class) of interest defined by its topography or function
Reasons for targeting behavior
Developing, strengthening, replacement, weakening, stimulus control, maintenance, and generalization
General Types of behavior problem
Behavior is not happening and we want it to, happening too much, or happening, but there is a problem with the performance
Skill deficit
Does not do at all - Can’t do problem
Or does, but not independently
Performance Problem
Won’t do, does not initiate
Problems with strength
Does, but lacks mastery
Does well enough, but lacks fluency
Does well enough, but not frequently enough
Problems with Stimulus Control
Does at the wrong place or wrong time
Problems with maintenance
Behavior change doesn’t persist once the behavior change program ends
Problems with Generality
Does, but under limited circumstances
Function is
The effect of a response on the environment
Functional Response Definitions
Responses defined in relation to their occurrence in the presence of particular antecedents or consequences.
Topographical Response Definitions
Responses defined based on the physical features or form of the response
What type of response definition is preferred and why?
Functional. Includes all forms of the response, effect on the environment is important, more simplified than topographical
When to use topographical definitions
When the functional outcome of a response cannot be observed, may not be produced by each instance of the response, may be produced by other events or undesirable variations in behavior.
When the topography is of interest over the effect.
Characteristics of a good response definition
Objective, clear, complete
Objective Definitions
Observable, recorded reliability by others
Clear definitions
Readable and unambiguous; allows for replication
Complete definitions
Boundaries defined - what is and is not an instance of behavior
Being clear - magnitude in definitions
Size, strengths, intensity of the response
Specific response
Single instance of behavior
Episode
Brief period of responding that includes the frequent occurrence of one or more behaviors
Combined topographies
Lump responses together (physical aggression, property damage)
Separate responses definitions
Define separately based on severity or some other parameter
Include length of response?
How long does a response have to occur to be counted
Include time between responses
Counting a new episode by looking at the time between responses
Include time before response starts?
How much time can pass between a stimulus and response to be counted?
Response Products
Observable permanent changes in the environment after a response
“Attempts”
Individual tried to engage in the response, but was blocked and could not complete the response
“Threats”
Saying or gesturing that they will complete the response
Other names for response definitions
Target behavior definition, operational definition
Watch out for definitions that: ignore _____ and ______, include _______, have ___ issues, are written ____
Ignore context, ignore intensity/magnitude, include too many topographies, have “title” issues, are written “loosely”
Three questions to ask when testing response definitions
Can you count it?
Can someone else see it?
Can you break it down?
Can you break it down?
Is the behavior already broken down into its smallest, most specific behavioral component?
