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KIN146 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A 
food into nutrients 
Challenges include 
- tasks of the mouth 
- diaphragm 
- steady movement 
- lubrication of food 
- digestive enzyme functions 
- management of waste
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2
Q

GI tract

A

begins in mouth

  • long flexible and muscular
  • ends in anus
  • stomach juices rlly start digestion process
  • known as chyme after stomach
  • small intestine, duodenum, receives chyme from stomach
  • then jejunum then to ileum which connects to large intestine
  • absorption of final bile and others
  • rectum muscles relax
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3
Q

Muscle

A

2 layers of muscle in digestive tract: longitudinal and diagonal
- stomach has 3 + circular

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4
Q

peristalsis and segmentation

A
  • chyme secreted out of stomach into duodenum

- circular muscle tighten tube constricts, chyme pushed forward down long intestine

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5
Q

Sphincter Contracts

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter (top of esophagus) opens bc of swallowing.
  2. lower sphincter prevents reflux of stomach contents
  3. bottom of stomach holds chyme in for it to be mixed with gastric juices and liquified which prevents intestines from backing up.
    - ileocolic sphincter is the end of the intestine which allows for emptying into large intestine
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6
Q

secretion of digestion

A
  • salivary amylase
  • gastric juices and pancreatic amylase + trypsinogen
  • enzymes allow for breakdown of bonds of macros
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7
Q

mouth

A

saliva (salivary amylase) not enough time in mouth to break anything down

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8
Q

stomach: gastric juices

A

enzymes to breakdown proteins - zymogen

- activated by another substance when it gets to location

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8
Q

stomach: gastric juices

A

enzymes to breakdown proteins - zymogen

- activated by another substance when it gets to location

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9
Q

stomach: parietal cells

A

parietal cells make gastric juices which denatures proteins

- chief cells release pepsinogen which helps with protein digestion

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10
Q

stomach: pepsinogen

A

turns to pepsin by gastric juice

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11
Q

stomach: pepsin

A

pepsin breaks down proteins

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12
Q

stomach: fovlear cells

A

secrete mucus and protect the stomach lining from acid

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13
Q

Pancreas: pancreatic juice

A

dueodenum

- contains lipase, amylase and trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, responsible for breaking down fluid

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14
Q

Pancreas: intestinal juice

A

enterpeptidase: intestinal cells -> typsinogen -> trypsin
bicarb: neutralizes stomach acid bc small int cant handle acid
sucrase, maltase and lactase: carb breakdown
Peptidase-> enzyme for protein digestion
lipase -> fat digestion

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15
Q

Liver

A

CCK secretes in response to chyme -> trigger to gallbladder & liver to release bile to allow fats to come into solution so fats can be broken down
- bile released into liver

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16
Q

carb digestion

A

begins in mouth with salivary amylase

  • when enters stomach salivary amylase doesn’t function
  • majority of digestion in intestines is due to pancreatic amylase
  • 1-4 hrs after meal all sugars have been digested, only fibre left
  • fibre becomes stool
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17
Q

lipid digestion

A

fats difficult to digest bc hydrophobic and enzymes are hydrophilic

  • bile allowed fat into water substance to be broken down
  • lingual lipase - hydrolyse fats
  • CCK release into small intestine -> gall bladder relesae bile which brings fats to be broken down (malsifyer)
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18
Q

Digestion of proteins

A

HCL denatures proteins

- pepsin breaks to small polypeptides

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19
Q

absorption of nutrients

A

the body begins to absorb nutrients 3-4 hrs after eating

  • most absorption takes place in small intestine
  • requires a continuous amount of blood supply
  • nutrients -> bloodstream -> liver -> other body parts
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20
Q

intestinal absorbing cells

A
  • folds in intestine called villi, places that come off are microvilli - maximize absorption of small intestine
  • contain enzymes at the end of digestion (monosac)
  • membranes need to be transported across membrane
  • fats absorbed into lymphatic system not bloodstream
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21
Q

3 ways of absorbing nutrients: 1

A

simple diffusion

  • given compound on inside of cell, move across membrane with no help
  • water and small lipids
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22
Q

3 ways of absorbing nutrients: 2

A

Facilitated diffusion

  • water-soluble vitamins
  • needs transport protein
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23
Q

3 ways of absorbing nutrients: 3

A

Active transport

  • glucose and AA’s
  • carrier proteins
  • requires energy
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24
Q

hepatic portal circulation

A

heart and lungs: blood leaves RV and goes to lungs via pulmonary artery

  • blood from digestive tract goes to liver first via hepatic portal vein
  • liver detoxifies blood, keeps body healthy
  • blood leaves liver and goes to heart via hepatic vein
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25
Q

Carbohydrate Absorption and Fate

A
  • carbs can be absorbed in mouth (and go directly to blood stream) but majority absorbed in small intestine
  • monosac absorbed from GI tract go to hepatic portal circulation to liver
  • glucose and fructose turn into glucose
  • liver gives glucose supply to others, muscle stores it
  • glucose stored as glycogen
  • when body needs carbs it breaks glycogen down
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26
Q

GLUT-1

A

normal glucose intake into muscles

27
Q

GLUT-4

A

normally in muscle

- comes to muscle membrane when desperately needed

28
Q

Lipid absorption

A
  • monoglycerides & long chain fatty acids
  • bile forms micelles & brings lipids into digestive juices so fatty acids release, forms lipids, droplets known as micelles
  • micelle gets absorbed, monogly formed back into trigly and packaged into chlyomicrons to enter lymphatic system and transported into bloodstream @ thoracic duct
  • drops off fats at the heart
29
Q

Micelle

A

monoglyceride + long chain fatty acids + bile = micelle

- micelle diffuses across enterocyte membrane & repackage triglycerides

30
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • 1-way route up to thoracic duct, route for fluid from tissue spaces to enter into the blood.
  • no pump
  • lymph circulates cells & collects into tiny vesicles
  • collects into thoracic duct, enters bloodstream via subclavian vein
31
Q

Lipid Transport

A

Lipoproteins - transport vehicles for fat called lipoproteins

32
Q

Chylomicrons

A

large, least dense high triglyceride

- fat absorb

33
Q

VLDL

A

very-low density lipoprotein

  • good amount of triglyceride
  • little bit of protein
34
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein

  • biggest cholesterol containing
  • bad cholesterol
35
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

  • small and most dense
  • cholesterol made of protein
36
Q

HDL pt 2

A

made by liver

  • removed cholesterol from the cells and back to the liver for recycling and disposal
  • anti-imflammatory properties
37
Q

Factors that lower LDL and raise HDL

A
  • weight control
  • monounsat fat
  • phytochemicals
  • soluble dairy fibres
38
Q

Pathway through liver: Step 1

A
  1. intestines: fat absorbed in chylomichrons and released into bloodstream at subclavian vein and circulate body
39
Q

Pathway through liver: step 2

A
  1. different tissues try to take triglycerides, but as we remove triglycerides from chylomicrons they become chylomicron remnant and go to liver to be removed from blood
40
Q

pathway through liver: step 3

A

liver takes that to form VLDL.

  • they get released into blood and deliver lipids to body cells.
  • triglycerides get removed and we get LDL
  • LDL continues to circulate or go back to liver
  • liver also synthesizes HDL, released into circulation and collects LDL
41
Q

Lipoprotein and fat fate

A
  • enzyme-activated by insulin
  • hydrolyzes triglycerides from lipoproteins to glycerol & fatty acids
  • FFA and glycerol enter cells, reassembled
  • located on an endothelial lining the capillaries
  • capillaries around muscle, adipose and heart
42
Q

Protein absorption and fate

A

AA’s transported into intestinal cells

  • specific carriers for AA’s and small peptides into erythrocytes
  • Once AA’s are in enterocyte
    - used for energy
    - synthesis of other proteins
  • unused AA are sent to liver via bloodstream and then to other tissues to form new proteins
  • deamination produces ammonia and urea
43
Q

excess protein

A
  • stored as fat

- converted to non-essential amino acids

44
Q

Final Stage

A
  • vitamin and mineral absoption
  • undigested residues
    • continue through GI tract
    • exercise the GI muscles
    • retain water
45
Q

Large intestine

A

fibre fermentation by bacteria

- recyclable materials (water,salt)

46
Q

Liver

A
  • veins expand the entire GI tract, culminate at hepatic portal vein
  • deliver to liver
  • veins branch out again, to different areas in liver
  • hepatic vein leaves liver and goes back to heart
  • liver first to receive water-soluble nutrient to detoxify
47
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

liver is first past clearance

- blood travels from digestive tract via hepatic portal vein

48
Q

Liver function

A
  • produces bile
  • detoxifies substances
  • stores nutrients
  • produces hormones
  • produces clotting factors - close cuts
  • produces transferrin
  • produces glucose and ketone bodies, allow body to get nutrients
  • does not produce bicarb
49
Q

Site of metabolic reactions: overview

A

energy metabolism is all ways body uses energy from food

- all cells in body, varies by cells type

50
Q

Site of metabolic reactions: liver

A
  • carb conversion to glucose, glycogen storage, glycogen breakdown into glucose
  • can use glucose in liver
  • make glucose, convert excess glucose to fat
51
Q

Site of metabolic reactions: lipids

A
  • involved in lipid breakdown, package extra into lipoproteins
  • breaks down fatty acids for energy when needed
  • packages extra fatty acids for energy when needed
  • manufactors bile to send to the gallbladder for use in fat digestion
  • makes ketone bodies when necessary
52
Q

Site of metabolic reactions: proteins

A
  • manufactures non EAA’s that are in short supply
  • removed AA from circulation that are excess and converts them to other AA’s or deaminates them and converts them to glucose of fatty acids
  • removes ammonia and turns it to urea
  • makes other nitrogen-containing compounds the body needs
  • makes many transports and blood proteins
53
Q

Site of metabolic reactions: other

A
  • detoxifies alcohol, drugs, poisons and prepared waste products for excretion
  • helps dismantle old red blood cells and captures the iron for recycling
  • stores most vitamins and minerals
  • converts Vit D into intermediate metabolic form
54
Q

storage form of carbs and fat

A

best: glycogen in liver and skeletal muscles
- after 90 mins exercise, carbs run out
- fat store: adipose tissue, liver

55
Q

Roles of macronutrients

A 
carbs and fat: energy
Proteins: 
- growth/maitenence of muscle, skin, bone
- hormones
- enzymes 
- fluid balance 
- acid-base balance 
- transporter 
- antibodies 
- energy
56
Q

Breaking down nutrients for energy

A

different paths lead to

  • pyruvate
    - 3C structure
    - used to make glucose
  • Acetyl CoA
    - 2C structure
    - cannot make glucose
  • Final energy pathway
    • TCA cycle
    • electron transport chai
57
Q

Acetyl CoA options

A

slide

58
Q

Fed-post prandial

A

Carbs -> glucose -> liver (muscle glycogen) -> stored as fat -> fatty acid -> fat store -> store for energy use

Proteins -> AA’s -> produce body proteins -> some lost in urine -> excess stored as body fat

59
Q

Post - Absorptive State

A

body draws on stores glucose used for brain, nervous system & red blood cells, then other cells

60
Q

Fasting beyond glycogen depletion

A
  • no carbs for brain
  • body breaks down body protein -> AA’s -> glucose -> energy
  • some AA’s break down into ketones, some used for energy
  • fats absorbed into lymphatic not bloodstream
  • skeletal muscle greatest storage for carbs in body
61
Q

Zymogen

A

inactive form of protein

62
Q

gastic juice

A

start the denaturing of proteins

  • comes from parietal cells
  • made of HCL acid
63
Q

chief cells

A

release pepsinogen

  • zymogen
  • function: help w protein digestion when cleaved to pepsin (by gastric juice)
64
Q

Pyloric Sphycter

A

bottom of stomach

- allows chyme to mix with gastric juices

KIN146 (9 decks)

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