Unit 4 Flashcards
What is an immediate inference?
An immediate inference is a statement that can be inferred directly from another statement.
What is the converse of a statement?
The converse reverses the subject and predicate. It is only valid on E and I statements
No S is P –> No P is S
What is the obverse of a statement?
The obverse is the opposite quality with a negated predicate. It is valid for all statements
All S is P –> No S is non-P
Some S is P –> Some S is not non-P
etc
What is the contrapositive of a statement?
The contrapositive reverses and negates both subject and predicate. It only works on A and O statements
All S is P –> All non-p is non-S
Some S is not P –> Some non-P is not non-S
What is the complement of a term?
The complement is the set of all terms not included in the given term.
Complement of P is non-P
How should Not all S is P be translated?
Some S are not P
Not all students are bad is translated to…
Some students are not bad people
Singular Statements: John is a mailman is translated to
All John is a mailman
Singular Statements: You are not my people is translated to…
No you are my people
Indefinite statements: dogs ate my homework is translated to…
Some dogs were eaters of my homework.
You will have to judge and decide whether the statement will be universal or particular
Hypothetical Statements: If you like chocolate, you will love this cake is translated to…
All chocolate liners will be lovers of this cake
What are inclusive words?
Inclusive words are words that include a broad range of things.
Examples : whoever, whatever, wherever, whenever, however, always, never
Joe always wins at chess is translated to…
All times Joe plays chess are times Joe wins at chess
What are exclusive words?
Exclusive words are words that exclude something and only refer to a limited number of things.
Examples: Only, unless, except
Only the good die young is translated to…
All people who die young are good people
Nobody but the spartans fight like that is translated to…
All people who could fight like that are the Spartans
The words following an exclusive often make up the…
predicate
When you translate into STANDARD categorical syllogisms…
…you can keep the complement of a term if everything matches
When you translate into STANDARD-FORM categorical syllogisms…
…you change every complement, so all “non-“s become regular
What is a singular statement?
A singular statements refers to a singular person or thing
What is a hypothetical statement?
A hypothetical statements follows the structure of if…then
What is an indefinite statement?
Similar to a singular statement, but not referring to just one thing or person
