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AP Statistics > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The entire group of individuals we want information about

A

Population

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2
Q

Collects data from every individual in the population

A

Census

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3
Q

A subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data

A

Sample

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4
Q

A study that collects data from a sample to learn about the population from which the sample was selected

A

Sample Survey

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5
Q

Selects individuals from the population who are easy to reach

A

Convenience Sampling

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6
Q

A study shows this if it is very likely to underestimate or very likely to overestimate the value you want to know

A

Bias

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7
Q

Allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation

A

Voluntary Response Sampling

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8
Q

Involves using a chance process to determine which members of a population are included in the sample

A

Random Sampling

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9
Q

Chosen in such a way that every group of individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as the sample

A

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

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10
Q

An individual from a population can be selected only once

A

Sampling Without Replacement

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11
Q

An individual from a population can be selected more than once

A

Sampling With Replacement

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12
Q

Groups of individuals in a population who share characteristics thought to be associated with the variables being measured in a study

A

Strata

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13
Q

Selects a sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the SRSs into one overall sample

A

Stratified Random Sampling

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14
Q

A group of individuals in a population that are located near each other

A

Cluster

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15
Q

Selects a sample by randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected clusters in the sample

A

Cluster Sampling

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16
Q

Selects a sample from an ordered arrangement of the population by randomly selecting one of the first k individuals and choosing every kth individual thereafter

A

Systematic Random Sampling

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17
Q

Occurs when some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or cannot be chosen in a sample

A

Undercoverage

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18
Q

Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can’t be contacted or refuses to participate

A

Nonresponse

19
Q

Occurs when there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question

A

Response Bias

20
Q

Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses

A

Observational Study

21
Q

Measures the outcome of a study

A

Response Variable

22
Q

May help explain or predict changes in a response variable

A

Explanatory Variable

23
Q

Occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other

A

Confounding

24
Q

Deliberately imposes treatments on individuals to measure their responses

A

Experiment

25
Q

A treatment that has no active ingredient, but is otherwise like other treatments

A

Placebo

26
Q

A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment

A

Treatment

27
Q

The object to which a treatment is randomly assigned

A

Experimental Unit

28
Q

Term given to experimental units that are human beings

A

Subjects

29
Q

An explanatory variable that is manipulated and may cause a change in the response variable

A

Factor

30
Q

Different values of a factor

A

Levels

31
Q

Used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments

A

Control Group

32
Q

Describes the fact that some subjects in an experiment will respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive treatment

A

Placebo Effect

33
Q

Neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject is receiving

A

Double-Blind

34
Q

Either the subjects or the people who interact with them and measure the response variable don’t know which treatment a subject is receiving

A

Single-Blind

35
Q

Experimental units are assigned to treatments using a chance process

A

Random Assignment

36
Q

Keeping other variables constant for all experimental units

A

Control

37
Q

Giving each treatment to enough experimental units so that a difference in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance variation due to the random assignment

A

Replication

38
Q

The experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely at random

A

Completely Randomized Design

39
Q

A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments

A

Block

40
Q

The random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out within each block

A

Randomized Block Design

41
Q

A common experimental design for comparing two treatments that uses blocks of size 2

A

Matched Pairs Design

42
Q

Refers to the fact that different random samples of the same size from the same population produce different estimates

A

Sampling Variability

43
Q

When the observed results of a study are too unusual to be explained by chance alone

A

Statistically Significant

AP Statistics (9 decks)

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