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Poor Law and Public Health (BACK UP - NO REDUCTION) > Unit 3.7 > Flashcards

Unit 3.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was Britain one of the countries affected by the Depression?

A
  • The USA asked for their loans to be paid back in full immediately.
  • The USA placed high tariffs on any foreign goods, leaving British manufacturers with limited markets as the USA had been Britain’s biggest trading partner.
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2
Q

What were the areas worse affected by the Depression in England?

A
  • South Wales.
  • Clydeside.
  • North Western England
  • North East England
  • Northern Ireland
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3
Q

Why were these areas the worse affected by the Depression?

A 
- These areas made up Britains Old 'Staple' industries:
Coal
Textiles
Ship building 
Iron and Steel
Cotton
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4
Q

How many ships were being built in 1930?

A
  • 1.4 million tonnes.
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5
Q

How many ships were being built in 1933?

A
  • 133,000 tonnes.
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6
Q

In 1929 how much did the production of steel fall by?

A
  • 45%
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7
Q

In 1929 how much did the production of pig iron fall by?

A
  • 54%
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8
Q

How many people were unemployed in Britain by 1932?

A
  • 3 million people.
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9
Q

What parts of England received growth and prosperity in the 1930s?

A
  • South and South-East of Britain.
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10
Q

Why did the South and South-East experience growth and prosperity in the 1930s?

A
  • Workforce readily adapted to the new light industries (motor vehicles, chemical production, electrical engineering)
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11
Q

How many cars did the motor industry produce in 1937?

A
  • 511,000 as opposed to 33,000 in 1913.
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12
Q

What was the ‘McKenna Duties’?

A
  • Placed a 33.3% tariff on the importing of commercial vehicles.
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13
Q

What was ‘The Safeguarding of Industries Act’?

A
  • Put a 33.3% tariff on synthetic chemicals.
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14
Q

To what extent did the Depression cause a ‘country of two nations’?

A
  • Old industries were based in the North.
  • New industries based in the South.
  • 3 million people unemployed.
  • Britain left with a limited market after USA no longer being a customer.
  • USA demanded loans back so government stopped investing Old industries.
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15
Q

To what extent did other factors cause a ‘country of two nations’?

A
  • Old industries were already in decline (Disarmament and foreign competition)
  • Government supported the New Industries (Created Tariffs)
  • Geographical concentration of jobs led to decline.
  • New industries willing to adapt.
  • Geographical location of Parliament (South).
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16
Q

How many people were unemployed in Jarrow by 1936?

A
  • 75% of people.
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17
Q

What were the motives for the Jarrow March?

A
  • Mass unemployment.
  • Extreme poverty.
  • Generate sympathy for the unemployed and the North in general.
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18
Q

What triggered the Jarrow March?

A
  • The closure of Palmers Shipbuilding Yard.

- Had been the main employer of labour Jarrow.

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19
Q

How many people signed the Jarrow Marchers

petition?

A
  • 11,000 people.
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20
Q

What did the petition request of parliament?

A
  • Requested the re-establishment of industry in Jarrow.
21
Q

What made the Jarrow March successful?

A
  • National and local media coverage.
  • Jarrow Marchers perpetuated the ‘family image’ which was so sought after due to the abdication crisis.
  • On route, lots of people outwardly showed support for the Marchers.
  • The Marchers gained support from both political parties.
  • Generated sympathy for the unemployed and paved the way for a future of social reform amongst north and south.
  • Despite being advised against it by the TUC many Labour Party Branches helped the marchers.
22
Q

What made the Jarrow March unsuccessful?

A
  • Rearmament was in response to WW2 not protests.
  • Government preoccupied with Abdication Crisis.
  • Government rejected receiving Marcher’s (despite them never asking to be received here) Shows lack of understanding.
  • Their petition wasn’t heard and they went home empty handed.
  • When the marchers did return home they found that their ‘dole’ had been completely cut as they no longer qualified (weren’t available to work).
  • The Trade Unions Congress (TUC) advised Labour Party Branches to not offer ay assistance to the marchers.
23
Q

What were the aims of the National Unemployed Workers Movement (NUWM)?

A
  • Draw attention to the plight on the hungry.
  • Destroy capitalism.
  • Gain rights for the unemployed.
24
Q

What did the NUWM do in 1922-1923?

A
  • NUWM organises first hunger march of unemployed workers from economically depressed areas in London.
25
Q

What did the NUWM do in 1927?

A
  • First Welsh hunger march of out-of-work miners to London in protest of restrictions in unemployment benefits.
26
Q

What did the NUWM do in 1930?

A
  • NUWM organises second hunger march as unemployment rises following the 1929 Wall Street Crash.
27
Q

What did the NUWM do in 1932?

A
  • National hunger march of unemployed workers to London from several depressed areas of the country in protest against the means test.
28
Q

What did the NUWM do in 1936?

A

October-November: Jarrow March against unemployment.

November: Final NUMW hunger march, joins the Jarrow Marchers for part of the Journey.

29
Q

What are the successes of the NUWM?

A
  • Following increased significantly with each march.
  • Following was nation wide.
  • Government saw them as threat (2000 extra police, use of spies, legislation passed.)
  • Support of Labour Party.
  • Media Coverage (positive.)
30
Q

What are the weaknesses of the NUWM?

A
  • Violence broke out from Marches.
  • Didn’t have the same positive reputation as the Jarrow Marchers.
  • Government were doing everything in their power in order to prevent the NUWM from progressing.
  • Don’t achieve any implementation of legislation that favours their movement.
  • Communist views.
  • Media coverage (Negative).
31
Q

Why did the Labour Government find it difficult to act out against poverty in the 1930s?

A
  • Threat of WW2.
  • Constitutional Crisis.
  • Rearmament of nations.
  • Demands of Depression.
  • Foreign investors withdrawing from London Banks.
  • Balancing the annual budgets was proving difficult.
32
Q

When was the May Report produced?

A
  • June 1941.
33
Q

What did the May Report calculate?

A
  • £120 million was needed to balance the budget.
  • £23 million could be found in taxation.
  • £97 million could be found from cuts in government spending.
34
Q

What recommendations did the May Report make?

A
  • Reductions in teachers salaries by £14 million.
  • Reductions in police pay by £1 million.
  • Cut unemployment benefit by 10%.
  • Reductions in armed services pay by £2 million.
  • Postponing road schemes by £8 million.
35
Q

What benefit did Snowden reject protecting?

A
  • The Unemployment benefit as there were cuts elsewhere.
36
Q

Why did the cutting of the Unemployment Benefit divide parliament.

A
  • The cutting of the Unemployment benefit was extremely controversial.
  • Parliament argued that the unemployed had suffered enough already.
37
Q

What impact did the May Report have on the reputation of the Labour Government?

A
  • Government was left divided by the report.
38
Q

When did Ramsay MacDonald resign his government?

A
  • 23rd August 1931.
39
Q

What was formed after the resignation of the Labour Government in 1931?

A
  • A Coalition Government.

- Became known as the National Government.

40
Q

What Parties made up the Coalition Government?

A
  • Conservative party.
  • Liberal Party.
  • Labour Party.
41
Q

Who held the majority in the National Government?

A
  • The Conservative Party.
42
Q

After the formation government what was the mood of the unemployed?

A
  • It seemed that all hope of an alleviation of poverty and unemployment was gone.
43
Q

What factors helped the National Government with Recovery?

A
  • General recovery in World Trade.
  • Weak pound, meant that British goods were cheap to but abroad.
  • Exports began to rise again, creating more jobs.
  • Armament production in response to Nazi threat.
  • Lack of political opposition.
44
Q

What tariff did Neville Chamberlain introduce in 1931?

A
  • Import Duties.
  • A general tariff barrier of 10%.
  • Was done in order to protect British Industry.
45
Q

By what percent did productivity increase in agriculture during the years 1931-1937?

A
  • Productivity was increased by 15%.
46
Q

What was the result of low interest rates on the late 30s?

A
  • There was a housing boom.
  • This boom created more jobs.
  • ‘Feel good’ factors amongst first time home buyers.
47
Q

What was Chamberlain able to do in 1935?

A
  • Fully restored public salaries to their pre-1931 levels.
48
Q

What was the 1934 Unemployment Act?

A
  • Standardised Dole Payments.

Poor Law and Public Health (BACK UP - NO REDUCTION) (7 decks)

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