3.2 Flashcards
1
Q
What were the successes of Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine?
A
- In 1798, Jenner was given £30,000 to set up a vaccine clinic in London.
- Over 100 leading doctors supported his research hand declared their intention to vaccinate.
- It became difficult to get life insurance, a job or rent a room without a vaccination.
- Vaccinations made compulsory in 1853.
- Permissive vaccination act meant people could be vaccinated free of charge.
- Death rate from small pox began to drop significantly.
2
Q
What were the failures of Edward Jenner’s Small Pox vaccine?
A
- Jenner submitted his findings to the Royal Society who refused to publish them as Jenner couldn’t explain how it worked.
- Leicester had a popular anti-vaccination movement and the ‘Leicester Method’ of combatting small pox grew in popularity.
- In 1870-1873 there was a 2nd small pox epidemic with 44,000 mortalities.
- Parents could be fined and imprisoned upon refusal to vaccinate their children.
- By 1898, 203145 exemption certificates were created.
- Religious beliefs suggested that the vaccine interfered with divine timing.
3
Q
What did the Vaccination Act of 1853 impose?
A
- A £1 fine if parents didn’t vaccinate children within 3 months of birth.
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4
Q
What did the Vaccination Act of 1871 impose?
A
- Motivated by the second Small Pox epidemic in 1870.
- Imposed a fine.
- Failure to pay fine resulted in imprisonment.
5
Q
What was the significance of Tuberculosis?
A
- Biggest 19th century killer.
- TB killed more people each year than smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough and typhus put together.
- Due to it being a respiratory disease it spread most rapidly in overcrowded, poorly ventilated conditions and was most prevalent amongst the working classes.
6
Q
What actions did local officers of health take to combat TB in Oldham?
A
- Local medical officer of health ordered the leafleting of houses stressing that TB was highly infectious.
- It forbade spitting in public.
- Advised the burning of all handkerchiefs used by sufferers.
- Stated that the local authority would disinfect all houses lived in by TB sufferers.
7
Q
What actions did local officers of health take to combat TB in Brighton?
A
- Issued similar leaflets to that of Oldham.
- Urged people to only spit in bowls provided for that purpose.
8
Q
What preventative measure was issued in 1922 in response to TB?
A
- Ministry of Health ordered the pasteurisation of milk.
- This prevented the spread of TB from cattle to humans.
- This measure had to be put into action and monitored at a local level.
9
Q
What happened in 1934 in response to TB?
A
- An Act was passed empowering local authorities to make milk free, or subsidised, pasteurised milk available to school children.
- By 1937 school milk was being provided for 3.7 million children.
10
Q
What was considered to be the most effective ‘cure’ for TB after WW2?
A
- Fresh air, sunlight ,good food and rest
- A considerable effort went into the provision of sanatoria where the focus was on these treatments.
11
Q
How many sanatoria were there is 1911 and 1930?
A
- In 1911, there were 84 sanatoria providing 8000 beds.
- -By 1930, this had risen to 500 sanatoria and 25,000 beds.
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12
Q
How many sanatoria were there is 1911 and 1930?
A
- In 1911, there were 84 sanatoria providing 8000 beds.
- -By 1930, this had risen to 500 sanatoria and 25,000 beds.
- Despite this, surgery for glands, bones and joints affected by TB was common and in 1910 accounted for 1/6 of all surgical operations.
13
Q
What was the 1906 Education (Provision of Meals) Act and what was the Result?
A
- Liberal government Act allowed local authorities to use public money to provide free school meals for children of parents-in-need.
- Significant step for public health: children were portrayed as the responsibility of the state and not just their parent.
- However the attitudes of people to supporting those ‘in need’ remained hostile.
14
Q
What was the 1907 Education (Administrative Provisions) Act and what was the Result?
A
- Act set up a school medical inspection service and subsequently a treatment service.
- Grants became available for local authorities ti establish school clinics and school nurses.
- Local authorities were encouraged to make their local medical officer of heath and their school medical officers the same person.
- 2) In the early 20th century, school medical service expanded considerably.
- By 1935, there were 2300 doctors and 5300 nurses involved in school medical care.
- However, some authorities ignored the conditions of the Act.
15
Q
What was the 1908 Children and Young Person’s Act and what was the Result?
A
- This act was bought about after serious lobbying by the NSPCC.
- The Act made it legal to prosecute parents for neglect or cruelty.
- Children’s homes were subject to inspection.
- Pubs were forbidden to let children under 14 inside.
- Shopkeepers were forbidden to sell cigarettes to under 16s.
- Juvenile courts were set up to separate child and adult offenders.
- 2) Act represented a radically new relationship between the state, parents and children.
- Children started to have their own ‘rights’.
16
Q
How did WW1 impact housing improvements?
A
- House building stopped altogether.
- House repairs were minimal.
- Returning soldiers found that Lloyd George’s promise to clear slums was hollow.
- Dramatic rise in the cost of building matters made it impossible to build houses that low paid workers could afford.
17
Q
What changes were made to housing in the 1920s-1930s?
A
- Government offered councils a special slum clearance subsidy to encourage councils to pull down slums and rehouse their inhabitants at rents they could afford.
- By 1939, most houses in towns and cities had piped water and were connected to a sewerage system but only 50% had a hot water tap and fixed bath.
18
Q
What was the 1842 City of Leeds Improvement Act?
A
- Local Government.
- Gives municipal authorities some control over new buildings, sewer connections and cellar dwellings.
19
Q
What was the 1844 Metropolitan Building Act?
A
- Local government.
- Required all newly constructed buildings that were within 30ft of a common sewer to be connected to it.
20
Q
What was the 1868 Artisans and Labourer’s Dwellings Act (Torrens Act)?
A
- Local/National government.
- Gave local councils the power to force a landlord to repair an insanitary house.
- If landlord failed to act the council could buy it and pull it down.
21
Q
What was the 1875 Artisans and Labourer’s Dwellings Improvement Act (Cross’s Act)?
A
- Local/NationalGovernment.
- Gave local councils the power to clear whole districts not just individual houses.
22
Q
Who was Titus Salt (1803-1876)?
A
- Wealthy Bradford mill owner.
- In the 1850s moved his factory and its workers out of a filthy polluted environment to the purpose-built village of Saltaire.
- Built a new mill, houses, a school, park, almshouses and a hospital for his workers.
- However, imposed strict conditions for his workers.
23
Q
Who was Octavia Hill (1838-1912)?
A
- Renovated cottages (repaired, cleaned, decorated and connected to sewers)
- Let these renovated cottages out for low rent.
- By the mid 1870s, Hill had over 3000 tenants.
- However she only did this because she was a firm believer in the ‘self help’ philosophy.
24
Q
Who was William Lever (1851-1925)?
A
- Found a new site for his soap-making business and alongside had a model village built for his workers.
- Between 1899 & 1914 some 800 houses were built at Port Sunlight.
25
Q
What were the successes of Local Government initiatives in improving the health of the public?
A
- Initially, local government intervention was more prominent, series of acts would be applied locally not nationally.
- Pioneering work was done in certain towns and cities.
- Thomas Perceval and John Ferriar of Manchester were being the formation of the Manchester Board of Health in 1785.
- In Scotland, Robert Graham, Robert Cowan and James Cleland published reports in the early 19th century which prompted authorities to act.
26
Q
What were the limitations of Local Government initiatives in improving the health of the public?
A
- Local individual action was only piecemeal and only applied locally.
- By the 1830s town improvement committees were beginning b to be seen as corrupt.
- Various groups of officials became self-perpetuating oligarchies with vested interests.
27
Q
What were the successes of the Medical Officers of Health in improving the health of the public?
A
- 1875 Public Health Act made it compulsory for all authorities to appoint someone in charge of public health (medical officer).
- Medical Officers were usually trained as doctors or surgeons.
- Both William Henry Dunant (Liverpools MO) & John Simon (Londons MO) were very successful.
- Compulsory MOs from 1875.
- After 1888 medical officers had to be fully qualified.
- Public health was normalised in local governments & elections.
28
Q
What were the limitations of the Medical Officers of Health in improving the health of the public?
A
- Most local councillors chosen as they promised to keep public health rates low - middle class councillors weren’t convinced about spending tax payers money on public health.
- Medical officers were poorly paid so it was seen as a ‘second job’
- 1875 legislation was poorly implemented.
29
Q
How significant was the work of Individuals in improving Public Health, c1780-1939?
EDWARD JENNER
A
- Jenner repapered his vaccination experiment with 23 patients, none of whom caught small pox.
- Self-published his results in 1798, which led to over 100 leading doctors supporting his research & declaring their intention to vaccinate.
- Parliament gave him £30,000 to establish a vaccination clinic in London.
- Despite all his support vaccination dandy sweep the country.
- Jenner couldn’t get the Royal society to publish his findings as he couldn’t explain how they worked.
- Many of the people within the Royal Society were making income from inoculation and were reluctant to change.
30
Q
How significant was the work of Individuals in improving Public Health, c1780-1939?
What did they Do?
What was the Significance?
EDWIN CHADWICK
A
- In 1842, wrote a report on the link between poverty and public health.
- Concluded that spending money on public health would save the poor.
- Involved in the Poor Law Commission.
- Helped contribute towards the 1848 Public Health Act.
- 2) Used his position to persuade the government to take action.
- However, was seen as a bully, was a controversial figure and no actual action was made in response to his recommendations.
31
Q
How significant was the work of Individuals in improving Public Health, c1780-1939?
What did they Do?
What was the Significance?
MARIE STOPES
A
- In her book ‘Married Love’ she was strongly against abortion but recommended contraception.
- Advise initially provided to middle-class women but later included working-class women.
- 2) Opened a women’s clinic in London which provided advice and are still around today.
- However, faced lots of objection, wasn’t supported by parliament, no legislation was passed and lots of the working class were illiterate.
32
Q
How significant was the work of Individuals in improving Public Health, c1780-1939?
What did they Do?
What was the Significance?
JOHN SNOW
A
- Discovered that Cholera was water-borne.
- Not many believed him as they believed in miasma.
- Found a vast amount of evidence linking a water pump in Broad Street to the disease, once the pump was taken away death rates fell.
- 2) Proved rear diseases could be spread through water.
- Made John Simon (Chief MO) abandon attachment to miasma theory.
- However, John Simon did a larger study of London.
- It wasn’t until 1870 when Snows theory was fully accepted.
- People didn’t agree with his theory at first.
33
Q
How significant was the work of Individuals in improving Public Health, c1780-1939?
What did they Do?
What was the Significance?
JOSEPH BAZALGETTE
A
- Built new sewer system in London.
- Put all waste into rivers and sea.
- Acted in response to the great stink
- 2) Responding to political demand for change.
- Asked to carry out work by government shows an ending in laissez faire.
- Disproved the theory of miasma.
- Got the Royal Seal of approval.
- However, struggled with funding prior to the great stink.
- Didn’t treat the sewer, just moved it.
