3.2 Flashcards
1
Q
What were the successes of Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine?
A
- In 1798, Jenner was given £30,000 to set up a vaccine clinic in London.
- Over 100 leading doctors supported his research hand declared their intention to vaccinate.
- It became difficult to get life insurance, a job or rent a room without a vaccination.
- Vaccinations made compulsory in 1853.
- Permissive vaccination act meant people could be vaccinated free of charge.
- Death rate from small pox began to drop significantly.
2
Q
What were the failures of Edward Jenner’s Small Pox vaccine?
A
- Jenner submitted his findings to the Royal Society who refused to publish them as Jenner couldn’t explain how it worked.
- Leicester had a popular anti-vaccination movement and the ‘Leicester Method’ of combatting small pox grew in popularity.
- In 1870-1873 there was a 2nd small pox epidemic with 44,000 mortalities.
- Parents could be fined and imprisoned upon refusal to vaccinate their children.
- By 1898, 203145 exemption certificates were created.
- Religious beliefs suggested that the vaccine interfered with divine timing.
3
Q
What did the Vaccination Act of 1853 impose?
A
- A £1 fine if parents didn’t vaccinate children within 3 months of birth.
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4
Q
What did the Vaccination Act of 1871 impose?
A
- Motivated by the second Small Pox epidemic in 1870.
- Imposed a fine.
- Failure to pay fine resulted in imprisonment.
5
Q
What was the significance of Tuberculosis?
A
- Biggest 19th century killer.
- TB killed more people each year than smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough and typhus put together.
- Due to it being a respiratory disease it spread most rapidly in overcrowded, poorly ventilated conditions and was most prevalent amongst the working classes.
6
Q
What actions did local officers of health take to combat TB in Oldham?
A
- Local medical officer of health ordered the leafleting of houses stressing that TB was highly infectious.
- It forbade spitting in public.
- Advised the burning of all handkerchiefs used by sufferers.
- Stated that the local authority would disinfect all houses lived in by TB sufferers.
7
Q
What actions did local officers of health take to combat TB in Brighton?
A
- Issued similar leaflets to that of Oldham.
- Urged people to only spit in bowls provided for that purpose.
8
Q
What preventative measure was issued in 1922 in response to TB?
A
- Ministry of Health ordered the pasteurisation of milk.
- This prevented the spread of TB from cattle to humans.
- This measure had to be put into action and monitored at a local level.
9
Q
What happened in 1934 in response to TB?
A
- An Act was passed empowering local authorities to make milk free, or subsidised, pasteurised milk available to school children.
- By 1937 school milk was being provided for 3.7 million children.
10
Q
What was considered to be the most effective ‘cure’ for TB after WW2?
A
- Fresh air, sunlight ,good food and rest
- A considerable effort went into the provision of sanatoria where the focus was on these treatments.
11
Q
How many sanatoria were there is 1911 and 1930?
A
- In 1911, there were 84 sanatoria providing 8000 beds.
- -By 1930, this had risen to 500 sanatoria and 25,000 beds.
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12
Q
How many sanatoria were there is 1911 and 1930?
A
- In 1911, there were 84 sanatoria providing 8000 beds.
- -By 1930, this had risen to 500 sanatoria and 25,000 beds.
- Despite this, surgery for glands, bones and joints affected by TB was common and in 1910 accounted for 1/6 of all surgical operations.
13
Q
What was the 1906 Education (Provision of Meals) Act and what was the Result?
A
- Liberal government Act allowed local authorities to use public money to provide free school meals for children of parents-in-need.
- Significant step for public health: children were portrayed as the responsibility of the state and not just their parent.
- However the attitudes of people to supporting those ‘in need’ remained hostile.
14
Q
What was the 1907 Education (Administrative Provisions) Act and what was the Result?
A
- Act set up a school medical inspection service and subsequently a treatment service.
- Grants became available for local authorities ti establish school clinics and school nurses.
- Local authorities were encouraged to make their local medical officer of heath and their school medical officers the same person.
- 2) In the early 20th century, school medical service expanded considerably.
- By 1935, there were 2300 doctors and 5300 nurses involved in school medical care.
- However, some authorities ignored the conditions of the Act.
15
Q
What was the 1908 Children and Young Person’s Act and what was the Result?
A
- This act was bought about after serious lobbying by the NSPCC.
- The Act made it legal to prosecute parents for neglect or cruelty.
- Children’s homes were subject to inspection.
- Pubs were forbidden to let children under 14 inside.
- Shopkeepers were forbidden to sell cigarettes to under 16s.
- Juvenile courts were set up to separate child and adult offenders.
- 2) Act represented a radically new relationship between the state, parents and children.
- Children started to have their own ‘rights’.
