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Poor Law and Public Health (BACK UP - NO REDUCTION) > Unit 3.5 > Flashcards

Unit 3.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Andover Workhouse Scandal?

A
  • Andover Union was the model of post 1834 Poor Law Administration. (Union had abolished all outdoor relief & had the strictest regulations.)
  • In 1837 Colin Mc’Dougal & his wife were appointed as Master & Matron of the workhouse. The Union was so confident in their decision that they made infrequent & hasty inspections.
  • Rumours began to spread that inmates were subjected to dire living conditions.
  • Guardians and Commissioners sent to investigate.
  • Public were appalled to learn that the rumours of the awful conditions were true.
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2
Q

What did rumours suggest were happening within the Workhouse?

A
  • Men in the workhouse boneyard were so hungry that they resorted to eating and fighting over the scraps of bone marrow and gristle.
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3
Q

How did the Master and Matron treat the inmates of Andover Workhouse?

A
  • Ran the workhouse like a penal colony.
  • Expenditure and food rations were kept to a minimum.
  • Inmates ate food with hands.
  • Any man who tried to communicate with his wife during meal times would be given time in the refractory cell.
  • The favoured activity for able-bodied poor was bone crushing.
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4
Q

What action was taken by one of the Guardians in regards to the Andover Scandal?

A
  • Raised issue regarding the rumours at a board meeting.

- Found little support from other guardians so took matters to the local MP, Thomas Wakeley.

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5
Q

What did Assistant Commissioner, Parker, do?

A
  • After the resignation of Mc’Dougal, Parker suggested the former master of the Oxford workhouse to replace him.
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6
Q

Why was Parker’s recommendation of new master of Andover unpopular?

A
  • It was discovered that the former master of the Oxford workhouse was dismissed for misconduct.
  • Parker was forced to resign.
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7
Q

What did Parker do after he resigned?

A
  • Published a long pamphlet defending himself.

- Gained the support of many influential individuals including Chadwick.

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8
Q

What were the results of the Andover Committee’s investigation?

A
  • 8th November 1845.

- Commissioners issued an order forbidding bone crushing.

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9
Q

What happened to the Poor Law Commission in 1847?

A
  • The Poor Law Commission was replaced with the Poor Law board.
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10
Q

What was the aim of the Poor Law Board?

A
  • Aimed to overhaul the weaknesses of the Poor Law Commission.
  • Increase government involvement.
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11
Q

Who sat on the Poor Law Board?

A
  • Several members were ex-offico.

- President of the board was an MP.

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12
Q

Why were the the types of people who sat on the Board significant?

A
  • Those who were responsible for administration of the Poor Law were answerable to Parliament and the public.
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13
Q

What were 3 Successes of the Poor Law Board

A
  • ‘Board Schools’ were set up in 1870. Providing education for 8-15 year olds.
  • ‘Pauper Hospitals’ established by the Board was often the only place Paupers could be treated thus forming the early foundations of a national, state-funded form of medical care.
  • The 1969 Poor Law Loans Act allowed guardians to borrow money from the Public Works Commission for up to 30 years. Guardians could upgrade their facilities without placing too much burden on the Poor Rate.
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14
Q

What were 3 Failures of the Poor Law Board?

A
  • Popularity of Outdoor relief still prevailed. The Poor Law Board also failed to abolish it completely.
  • The change and development of Poor Law Medical services was only in response to public opinion and not the Board’s instincts.
  • Even with the Poor Law Loans Act, Guardians still continued to keep spending to an absolute minimum.
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15
Q

When did the Local Government Board take over responsibility for the administration of the Poor Law?

A
  • 1871.
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16
Q

What did the Local Government Board to reduce numbers of paupers receiving relief?

A
  • issued a circular condemning outdoor relief on the basis that it took away from the poor all desire to save as they were offered relief privately and when they needed it.
  • Supported the local authorities when they took a harsh-line on able-bodied asking for relief.
  • Authorised groups of Guardians to take part in emigration scheme, where groups of paupers were sponsored to emigrate.
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17
Q

When was the Charity Organisation Society founded?

A
  • 1869.
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18
Q

Who supported the Charity Organisation Society?

A
  • Members of the House of Commons.
  • The aristocracy.
  • Armed forces.
  • the Established Church attended the inauguration meeting.
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19
Q

What were the 3 aims of the Charity Organisation Society?

A
  • Co-operation with the Poor Law authorities at a low level to establish a division between the work of the Poor Law authorities and charities.
  • Organisation of the work of other charities,, to better co-ordinate their efforts and ensure charitable relied was appropriately given.
  • Ensuring only the deserving poor were in receipt of charitable relief.
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20
Q

Why were members of the COS opposed to indiscriminate?

A
  • Believed charity was not a right, but a gift given at the discretion of the giver.
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21
Q

What relief did the COS provide?

A
  • Benefits were both moral and material.
22
Q

What was the COS’s form of relief intended for?

A
  • Relief was intended to reform the behaviour of the recipient while also putting food on the table.
  • Relief was to be temporary but of permanent benefit to the recipient.
23
Q

What were the successes of the COS?

A
  • Members of the House of Commons, Aristocracy, armed forces etc. Could use their influence to help achieve the main aims.
  • COS branches were founded in a number of towns and cities.
  • Publicity and propaganda.
  • The views of intellectual supporters were listened to in official circles.
  • Established practices and procedures to collect data. Later used to form the basis of social work and training.
24
Q

What were the failures of the COS?

A
  • Charity should be given to ‘deserving poor’ only. Most of those who applied were turned down.
  • Relief was intended to be temporary.
  • Not a national organisation. Branches worked in an autonomous way. Variety across branches must be considered.
  • Branches failed to recruit enough volunteers and raise enough funds.
  • Boards of Guardians frequently had strained relationships with their local COS. Were seen as interfering.
25
Q

What were Friendly Societies?

A
  • Groups of friends/neighbours/colleagues who work together to provide for one another in times of need.
26
Q

What were the successes of Friendly Societies?

A
  • Allowed members to pay a weekly payment and then receive payment in times of sickness, death, unemployment.
  • Membership topped 2.7 million by 1877.
  • Became an organisation with central bodies; meant that risk was spread over several branches and could be provided over a wider geographical area.
  • Supported by Local Government Boards and friendly societies fulfilled ‘self-help’ criteria.
  • Burial societies saved paupers from the fate of a pauper funeral
27
Q

What were the weaknesses of Friendly Societies?

A
  • Society fees were often too high for some paupers. Some societies also fined paupers for late payments. Therefore only suitable for skilled workers.
  • Some paupers stopped from membership; over 40, ill, in dangerous occupations.
  • Some friendly societies were badly managed. Did not guarantee payments.
28
Q

What were co-operative societies?

A
  • Groups of people who work together in their business.
29
Q

What were the strengths of Co-operative societies and Trade Unions?

A
  • Trade Unions offered a range of benefits for a weekly fee.
  • Co-operative societies allowed paupers to have regular dividends, which allowed them to plan their finances.
30
Q

What were the weaknesses of Co-operative societies and Trade Unions?

A
  • Only skilled workers could afford there weekly subscription fee of trade unions.
  • Semi-skilled and skilled workers were the only ones who benefitted from co-operative shops; this is because you had to pay in cash and not tokens or credit.
31
Q

Who was Samuel Smiles?

A
  • Author and political reformer.
32
Q

Who was Henry Mayhew?

A
  • Investigative journalist.
33
Q

Who was Charles Dickens?

A
  • Novelist and social critic.
34
Q

Where was Smiles most significant?

A
  • Leeds.
35
Q

What did Smiles use his newspaper to campaign for?

A
  • Parliamentary reform.
  • Women’s suffrage.
  • Free trade.
  • Factory reform.
36
Q

What was Smiles originally a supporter of?

A
  • Chartism and of the six points of the Charter.
37
Q

Why did Smiles no longer continue to support chartism?

A
  • Concerned by the growing militarism of some leading Chartists.
  • Particularly Feargus O’Connor.
38
Q

What did Smiles come to believe about Parliamentary reform in the 50s?

A
  • Parliamentary reform alone would not be enough to lift people out of poverty and give the poor a voice.
39
Q

What did Smiles come to believe in during the 50s?

A
  • Individual reform.
40
Q

What was Individual Reform?

A
  • Individuals had to change their attitudes and practices.

- Smiles argued that self help provided the best route to success

41
Q

What did Smiles publish in 1859?

A
  • His book, ‘Self Help’

- Became an instant best seller, especially amongst the middle class.

42
Q

What did Smiles argue through Self-Help?

A
  • It is possible to accumulate wealth without having to show concern for your neighbours because they have the same opportunities to exercise self help.
  • Everyone could raise themselves and their families to a position of prosperity.
  • Only the genuinely destitute would require help.
43
Q

What magazine did Mayhew co-found in 1841?

A
  • ‘Punch’ a satirical magazine.
44
Q

How many copies of Punch sold a week during the 1840s?

A
  • 6000.
45
Q

What were Mayhew’s classifications of the poor?

A
  • Those who will work.
  • Those who cannot work.
  • Those who will not work.
46
Q

Where did Mayhew hold most influence?

A
  • London.

- However Mayhew did place his findings from London in a wider national context.

47
Q

What were the two points Dickens consistently emphasised within his work?

A
  • The poor were people with hopes and desires like everyone else.
  • The workhouse system was a mindless and cruel institution that dehumanised both minds and careers.
48
Q

What made Dickens different from the other two individuals?

A
  • Dickens experienced poverty first-hand at a young age.
49
Q

What was the advantage to publishing segments of his work in weekly/monthly instalments?

A
  • Gauge reader reactions.
  • Modify plots accordingly.
  • By ending on cliff-hangers, Dickens could hold the readers attention.
  • More accessible which meant it was popular amongst middle and lower classes.
50
Q

What did Dickens provide for the poor?

A
  • A voice in a manner that captured the interest and concern of the middle classes.

Poor Law and Public Health (BACK UP - NO REDUCTION) (7 decks)

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