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G9 + 10 physics > unit 3 - waves > Flashcards

unit 3 - waves Flashcards

1
Q

Waves

A

disturbances created in a medium which transfers energy and momentum from one point to another, cant tranfer matter

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2
Q

In waves, what do particles do>

A

They dont move, they just oscillate and vibrate , tranansferring the wave from one particle to another, and sometimes get reflected

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3
Q

what happens to medium in waves

A

remains static

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4
Q

Types of waves based on requirement of meidum to travel

A

Electromagnetic and Mechnical waves

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5
Q

Electromagnetic waves

A

Waves which do not require a medium to propoagte. Wave in which the electrical field and the magnetic field mutually oscillate perpendicular to the propagation of the wave\

Eg = Light waves

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6
Q

Mechanical waves

A

Waves which require medium to travel

eg = Sound waves, water ripples, seismic waves

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7
Q

Types of waves based on movement of particles

A

Transverse and Longitudinal

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8
Q

Transverse waves

A

Propogation of particle is perpendicular to the direction of propogation of energy, particles oscillate up and down

eg = em waves and light waves

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9
Q

Longitudanal Waves

A
  1. Vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of wave

It looks likes particles are moving left to right but they come back to their mean position

Eg - sound waves, waves produced in a slinky

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10
Q

Compression

A

Area in longitudnal waves where the particles are close to each other, the area where density and pressure are higher than normal

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11
Q

Rarefaction

A

Area in a longitudnal wave where the particle are far apart from each other, the area where density and pressure are less than normal

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12
Q

4 characterstic properties of waves

A
  1. wavelength
  2. amplitude
  3. frequency
  4. Wave velocity
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13
Q

Wavelength (transverse)

A

Distance between two consecutive troughs or crests

Si unit = mtr

Symbol = Lambda

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14
Q

wavelength (longitudanal)

A

measure distance between 2 consecutie compressions or rarefaction

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15
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement of a particle from its mean position in the positive or negative direction

si unit = mtr

symbol = A

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16
Q

Frequency and how to calculate it from diagram

A
  • No. of disturbances/waves per unit time
  • No. of oscillations per unit time
  • Si unit = Hertz (Hz)
  • 1 Hz = 1 wave per second
  • To calculate frequency, we can also count the number of waves (from crest to crest or trough to trough) in a one second diagram
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17
Q

Wave velocity with formula

A
  • distance a wave travels per unit of time
  • Also known as Phase velocity
  • Symbol = V
  • Si unit = ms^-1
    formula = lambda times frequency
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18
Q

Time period, si unit and formula

A

Time taken to complete one full oscillation
Si unit = sec
formula = T = 1/f

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19
Q

Wave equation

A

Speed = Freuqney times wavelength
Frequency = speed/wavelength
Wavelength = speed/frequency

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20
Q

Ray

A

direction in which a wave propogates

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21
Q

reflection

A

A phenomenon in which a wave bounces back into the same medium after being incident on a reflection surface

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22
Q

laws of relfection

A
  1. The incident ray, the reflection ray and the normal to the reflecting surface must lie on the same plane
  2. The angle of incidence must be equal to the angle of reflection
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23
Q

Refraction

A
  • For refraction, the wave must travel must rarer to denser medium

Change in speed of a wave when passing from one medium to another

  • Change in direction of motion
  • Frequency does not change!
  • Angel of incidence increases = Angle of refraction also increase
  • Refraction happens when angle of incidence is less than or equal to critical angle
24
Q

bending of refracting ray - denser to rarer

A

Away from normal

25
Bending of refracting rray - rarer to denser
towards the normal
26
Laws of refraction
1. The incident ray, the refracting ray and the normal to the surface or separation at the point of incidence must lie on the same plane 2. Snells Law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and the sine of angle of refraction for a given pair of media is always constant and is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium
27
formula for snells law
sin i/ sin r = n2/n1 = v1/v2
28
Total internal reflection
- when a wave propogates from a denser to rarer medium, TIR (total internal reflection) takes place - Speed increase in TIR - Refracted ray bends away from normal - In TIR, 100% of the wave is reflected
29
conditions for total internal relfection
1. Incident ray must travel from denser to rarer medium 2. ∠i must be greater than the critical angle
30
critical angle
Angle of incidence for which the corresponding angle of refraction is 90°
31
diffraction
Phenomenon in which a wave spreads whenever it comes across an obstacle or a slit, provided the size of the slit or the obstacle in comparable to the wavelength of the wave
32
dispersion
- Phenomenon in which a polychromatic light splits into its monochromatic constituents Higher the wavelength, lesser the deviation eg = white light splitting into vibgyor colour
33
basic cause of dispersion
refraction multiple times
34
electromagnetic spectrum (decreasing order of wavelength)
Radio waves Micro waves Infra red radiation Visible light spectrum Ultra violet rays X rays Gamma radiation
35
Speed of Em waves in vaccum
Travel at speed of light 3 * 10^* ms^-1
36
Freuqnecy and energy relation in em waves and which em wave has highest and lowest energy
Higher frequency = Higher energy - Lower wavelength Radio waves have the lowest energy and gamma rays have the highest energy
37
Infra red radiatiom
Electromagnetic radiation which gives us the feeling of warmth. Any value above absolute 0 (O kelvin) will give IRR
38
How the wavelength of Infra red radiations determined
by temperature and doesnt have one set value
39
why is there no unit for refractive index
ratio of sines of 2 speeds and since sines have no unit, this also doesnt have any unit
40
sound waves
- Type of mechanical wave - Type of longitudanal wave - They can be described as patterns/sequence of disturbance created in space-time which compress and expand the air around it to create disturbances which are known as sounds
41
what is pitch and loudness in sound waves
pitch = Frequency of sound waves - Higher frequency = higher pitch loudness = depends on amplitude
42
What happens in Echo location (specifically for bats)
Animals like bats scream high frequency sounds and these waves reflect of animals, objects and low pressure regions and then using a bats sense of sound, he is able to use these reflection to paint a picture of his surroundings and find out the exact speed, size, direction, and location of these objects
43
Where is echo location used by humans
In SONAR and radar systems
44
Absorption in waves
When a wave transfers its energy onto a material it passes through, causing the material’s atom and molecules to vibrate
45
Pneumonic to memorise electromagnetic spectrum decreasing order or wavelengths
Ranbir Mohan Is Very Ultra eXtraordinary Guy
46
Sound waves travel best through which medium
Best travel trhough solids due to prescene of closely packed molecules, whcih allows for faster Kinetic energy transfer between molecuulesm and hence they travel faster through solids quickly However, they can also travel thorugh fluids
47
Relationship between wavelength, energy and frequnecy as one increases
Higher wavelength = Lower frequency = Low energy Lower wavelength = Higher frequency = Higher energy
48
Visible Light spectrum in order of highes to lowest wavlenegth
Red (highest wavelength, lwoest freuqnecy) Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet (lowest wavelength, hgihest frequency)
49
Why does Red appear at the top of diffraction and violet at the point
1. Red has lowest frequency, whereas violet has the highest frequency 2. Red is refracted the least
50
Application of each EM wave and reason
1. Radio Waves - Used for long distance communication as they can reflected from the Earth's surface 2. Mircowavesused for Sattelite communicaton because they can penetrate earth's atmosphere 2. Infrared - Optical fibre communication, Because they can undergo total undergo total internal reflection 3. Visible Light - Taking photos as cameras can detetct visible light 4. UltraViolet - Detecting security ink as its fluorosis with UV lighitng, also used to sterilize medical tools 5. X ray - Medical imaging as it can pass through tissues but not bones 6. Gamma - used to clean medical tools as itcan kill cells and bacteria. Also used for cancer radiotherapy
51
Refractive index
Quantity which describes the angle at which a wave bends when there is a change in medium
52
What happens if angle of incidence is less than critical angle
Refraction
53
What happens if angle of incidence is equal to critical angle
Refraction, but the corresponsing angle of refraction will be 90 degrees, ie it will lie flat on the surface at which the point of incidence is located
54
what happens if angle of incidence is more than critical angle
Total internal refelction, with angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence
55
Thermal imaging
detects infra red raditation emmited by objects using a special camera
56
refractive index formula
n = sin i/sin r
57
monochromatic and polychromatic meanign
MOnochromatic - light is made of one colour/wavelength/frequency polycrhomatic - light is made of multiple colour/wavelength/frequency

G9 + 10 physics (8 decks)

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