UNIT 3: TISSUE HEALING NOTES Flashcards
Syndrome
Group of signs and symptoms that indicate injury or disease.
Something that you see is…
Sign (Objective)
Examples of signs
Deformity, limping, bleeding
Something that a person is feeling is…
Symptom (Subjective)
Examples of symptoms
Aching pain, burning, drowsiness, fever, sharp pain
Pathology
Structural and functional changes from injury
Etiology
Cause of a disease
Mechanism
Mechanical description of cause
Diagnosis
Specific condition
Differential diagnosis
Possible conditions that share the same symptoms or signs
Examples of differential diagnosis
Fractures, headaches, strokes
Working Diagnosis
A disease that hasn’t been ruled out
Prognosis
Projected outcome
What is needed in order to have a definitive diagnosis?
All aspects of the injury or illness must be considered
What are the 3 stages of healing process?
Inflammation, Fibroblastic Repair, Maturation-Remodeling
What is the goal of inflammatory response?
Prepare the body for healing
What happens in inflammatory response?
- Cells start to die
- New capillaries form
- Type III Collagen Formation
Vasodilatation
Increase blood flow to bring new cells/chemicals into the area for healing
What are the important chemicals in inflammatory response?
Phagocytes/Macrophages
Leukocytes
Platelets
Histamine
Phagocytes/Marophages
Cells that engulf & eat dead cells
Leukocytes
White blood cells fighting infection
Platelets
Carry blood clotting materials
Histamine
Cause the vasodilitation
How many days does the Inflammatory response lasts?
Injury to 4 days
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Pain
- Swelling
- Heat
- Redness
- Loss of function/ROM
What is the goal of fibroblastic (repair) phase:
Repair the injured site
What happens in fibroblastic repair?
- Debris removal via phagocytes
- Scar formation via Fibroblasts
- Decrease in capillaries
- Absorption of Type III Collagen
- Develop New Tissues
Important chemicals of fibroblastic repair?
Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts
Fibroblasts
Lay new fibers
Chondroblasts
Build cartilage
Osteoblasts
How long does the fibroblastic repair lasts?
Build bone
4 days – 3 weeks
What is the goal of maturation?
Return to normal tissue, strength, function
What happens in maturation phase?
- Re-absorption of all chemicals
- Scar maturation
- Production of Type 1 Collagen
Scar maturation
Re-alignment of fibers along normal lines
How long does the maturation phase lasts?
3 weeks - 2 years
Signs of infection
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Tenderness
- Abnormal or Purulent Discharge
Factors affecting the rate & extent of healing
Age, nutrition, fitness level, steroids
POLICE
Used for boots and crutches
Protection
Optimum
Loading
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Why is elevation important?
Helps with swelling
What are treating signs of infection?
Clean, cover and refer
What is collagen?
Contains protein fibers that help create an outer layer around tissues.
What forms scars?
Fibroblasts
What percentage of collagen is in the body?
80-90%
Where is Type I collagen found?
Skin, tendon, bone, ligaments
Where is Type II collagen found?
Hyaline cartilage & vertebral discs
Where is Type III collagen found?
Skin, smooth muscles, nerves, blood vessels
The skin is…
- Outermost surface of the body
- 1st line of defense against external forces
Functions of the skin are…
- Keeps bodily fluids in
- Picks up sensations
- Secretes and oily substance
- Incredible ability to stretch
What 3 layers make up the skin?
Dermis, epidermis & subcutaneous
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What 2 categories is the skeleton categorized?
Axial skeleton (ribcage, skull) & appendicular skeleton (arms & legs)
Function of bones are…
- Protect vital organs and structures from trauma
- Create movement
- Produce blood cells and store calcium and phosphorus
What are the types of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid or floating bone
Where are long bones found?
arms & legs
Where are short bones found?
Hands, wrist, & feet
Where are flat bones found?
Sternum
Where are irregular bones found?
Vertebrae
Where are sesamoid bones found?
Patella
What does hyaline or articular cartilage do?
- Covers the ends of long bones
- Found between bones
Main functions of hyaline cartilage?
- Joint structure
- Absorb shock
- Permit smooth bone movement
Where is fibrocartilage found in the body?
Intervertebral discs & meniscus
Functions of fibrocartilage
- Shock absorption
- Deepen joints for stability
- Provide nourishment to the joint
Functions of muscles:
- Allow body to accelerate, decelarate, stop movement
- Maintain normal postural alignment
- Produces heat
Functions of tendons:
- Connect muscle to bone
- Transmits the force a muscle exerts
Function of ligaments:
- Connect bone to bone
- Help form joints
What are the 3 muscle types?
Skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle
What is skeletal muscle made out of?
Made of fibers that contract when a nerve tells it to move.
What is skeletal muscle attached to?
Attached to bones to create movement
Cardiac Muscle
Found in the heart
Smooth muscle
Found in hollow organs such as the stomach, and blood vessels.
What do nerves provide?
Provides sensitivity & communication
What is the basic never cell called:
Neuron
Neuron body:
Nucleus and dendrites
What are dentrites?
Respond to neurotransmitters from other nerve cells.
What conducts nerve impulses?
Axons
What is a force?
A push or a pull
What are the 2 responses to force?
Elastic & Plastic
Elastic Response:
- Small load
- Load removed: Material returns to original shape.
Plastic Response:
Deformation remains
What is axial force?
Forced that acts on the long axis of a structure.
Compression force:
A crushing or squeezing force.
Tension force:
Pulling or stretching the tissues.
Shear force:
Tends to cause sliding or displacement.
Bending:
Compression and tension
Torsion:
Tension circumferentially (twisting)
Wolff’s Law
Realignment or remodeling of the scar tissue according to the tensile forces to which that scar is subjected.
Acute injury:
- Traumatic
- Sudden onset
- Results from a single force
- Macrotrauma
Chronic injury:
- Overuse
- Gradual onset
- Results from repeated loading
- Microtrauma
Skin injuries, contusions, sprains, trains and nerves are…
Acute soft-tissue injuries
What are avulsions?
A partial tearing away of the skin
What are blisters?
Accumulation of fluid between dermis & epidermis
Contusion is
Bruise, the onset is acute & the mechanism is compression
Contusions signs and symptoms are:
- Localized pain
- Ecchymosis (discoloration)
- Decreased ROM
- Swelling (edema)
- Nerve compression
What is a STrain?
Stretch or tear of a muscle or tendon, onset is acute & tension force
Damage to Fibers: Stretching
Weakness/LOF: Mild
Swelling: Mild
ROM: Decreased
1st Degree Strain
Damage to Fibers: Partial Tearing
Weakness/LOF: Moderate
Swelling: Moderate
ROM: Decreased
2nd Degree Strain
Damage to Fibers: Full tear
Weakness/LOF: Severe
Swelling: Severe
ROM: Depends on swelling
3rd Degree Strain
What is a SPrain?
Stretch or tear of ligament, onset is acute, mechanism is tension & concern is unstable joint
Damage to ligament: Stretching
Laxity: Minimal to none
Weakness/LOF: Mild
Edema: Mild
ROM: Decreased
1st Degree Sprain
