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A & P Fall 2013 > Unit 3 Test (From Winter 2013) > Flashcards

Unit 3 Test (From Winter 2013) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hyperpolarized membrane potential?

A

-90 mV

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2
Q

What is the membrane potential which triggers voltage-gated potassium channels to open?

A

+30mV

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3
Q

What is the membrane potential maintained by the sodium-potassium pump?

A

-70mV

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4
Q

What is the sub-threshold membrane potential?

A

-55 tp -50 mV

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5
Q

What is the membrane potential which triggers voltage-gated sodium channels to close?

A

+30

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6
Q

What is the membrane potential caused by an IPSP?

A

-90mV

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7
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

an “inhibitory postsynaptic potential” which is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential

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8
Q

Does a strong stimuli cause the ampitude of a generated action potential to increase?

A

no, false

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9
Q

What happens to the action potential when there is a strong stimulis?

A

It fires more often; therefore stimulus strength is translated as action potential frequency.

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10
Q

Astrocytes function:

A
  • most abundant, versalite, & highly branced gial cells
  • cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, covering up capillaries
  • support & brace neurons
  • anchor neurons to their capillary nutrients
  • guide migration of young neurons
  • help control ion & neurotransmitter enviroment
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11
Q

Ependymal Cells:

A
  • ciliated cells that range in shape from cuboidal/columnar
  • line central cavities of brain & spinal column
  • ciliated cells funtion to move CSF
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12
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • glial cells that wrap around a nerve fiber in the peripheal nervous system
  • forms the myelin sheaths of peripheral axons (form from fatty tissue)
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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • branched cells wrap around CNS nerve fibers

- forms insulating covers aka myelin sheaths

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14
Q

acetylcholine

A

It is the excitatory neurotransmitter that is secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle
-excitatory neurotransmitter

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15
Q

dopamine

A
  • a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells
  • involved in motor control and in controlling the release of several important hormones
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • affects attention, learning, movement & pleasure
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16
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • hormone and neurotransmitter most responsible for concentration - alertness
  • role as the neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic neurons to affect the heart
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
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17
Q

gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • is a chemical neurotransmitter
  • -inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions
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18
Q

Graded potentials:

A
  • they may sum temporarally or spatially
  • Stimulation of a neuron causes sodium gates to open and the membrane becomes partially depolarized as sodium ions enter the neuron
  • called “graded” because the amount of depolarization depends on the strength of the stimulus
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19
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

the period after an inital stimulus when the neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus

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20
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

-the amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following an excitation

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21
Q

What is a threshold in an action potential?

A

The minimum stimulus needed to achieve an action potential

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22
Q

nuclei

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies in CNS

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23
Q

nerves

A

Any of the cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the central nervous system and the eyes, glands, muscles, and other parts of the body. Nerves form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body

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24
Q

ganglia

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS

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25
Q

tracks

A

they are myelinated axons that are located within the central nervous system

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26
Q

efferent Neuron

A

Sends message away from CNS

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27
Q

Afferant neuron

A

sends message towards CNS

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28
Q

interneuron

A

connects messages within CNS pathway (inside of spintal cord)

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29
Q

Glial Cell

A
  • supporting cells
  • provide supportive framework for neurons
  • segregate & insulate neurons
  • guide young neuros to proper connections
  • promote health & growth of neurons
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30
Q

What is the roll of acetylcholinesterase?

A

breaks down acetylcholine soon after its released into the synaptic cleft

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31
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A
  • When a current passes through a myelinated axon only at the nodes of Ranvier
  • AP triggered only at nodes and “jump” from one node to the next
  • much faster than unmyelinated axons
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32
Q

What are the neuroglia (gial cells) in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes

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33
Q

What are the neuroglia (gial cells) in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells, schwann cells

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34
Q

What is a chemical synapses?

A

specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters (2 parts, axon terminal & receptor region)

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35
Q

Group A Fibers

A
  • have greatest amount of myelination & fastest (300mph)
  • cary sensory signals from skin and joints
  • carry motor signals to skeletally muscles
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36
Q

Group B Fibers

A
  • lightly myelinated (30 mph)

- carry sensory & motor signals for internal (visceral) organs and some skin

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37
Q

Group C Fibers

A
  • unmyelinated (2mph)
  • not wrapped by but can be supported by Schwann cells
  • cary sensory & motor signals for internal organs only
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38
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  • it is the chemical synapses that convers electric signals into chemical signals (via neurotransmitters)
  • it is the fluid filled space separating the presynaptic & postsynaptic neurons
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39
Q

What is there to know about a information transfer for a synaptic cleft? (6 steps)

A

1) action potential arrives at axon terminal
2) voltage gated CA 2+ channels open & CA2+ enters axon terminal
3) when CA2+ enters it causes neurotransmitter-containing vesicles to release their contents by exocytosis
4) neurotransmitters diffuses across synaptic cleft & binds to specific receptors on postsynaptic membrane
5) binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels resulting in graded potentials
6) neurotransmitters effects are terminated

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40
Q

what does the termination of a neurotransmitter effect?

A
  • blocks reception of additional messages
  • must be removed from receptor to stop effect (enzymatic degradation, reabsorption by astrocytes or presynaptic terminals, by diffusion)
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41
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials:

-local depolarization of postsynaptic membrane that brings neuron closer to AP threshold

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42
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

-chemical signal used for neuronal communication with the body & brain

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43
Q

What are the two types of myelinated cells in the PNS & CNS?

A 
Schwann cell (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
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44
Q

Where is the fourth ventriccle located (in the brain)?

A

under the cerebreal aquaduct which connects it to the 3rd ventricle

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45
Q

What is the decussation of the pyramids?

A

-it is the crossing point of the fibers of the corticospinal tracts from one side of the central nervous system to the other

46
Q

What is the optic chiasma?

A

where the optic nerves cross below the hypothalamus

47
Q

What is the pons nuclei?

A

involved in conveying information from the motor cortex to the cerebellum regarding intended movement

48
Q

Funtions of midbrain:

A

-breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

49
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A
  • Coordinates Sensory Input With Emotions
  • Emotional Responses to Pain
  • Regulates Aggressive Behavior
50
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior

51
Q

temporal lobe

A

the temporal lobes are involved in the retention of visual memories, processing sensory input, comprehending language, storing new memories, emotion, and deriving meaning

52
Q

hippocampus

A

long term memory

53
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Initiation of voluntary movement

54
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Receives tactile information from the body

55
Q

sensory Association Area

A

Processing of multisensory information

56
Q

visual association area

A

Complex processing of visual information

57
Q

visual cortex

A

Detection of simple visual stimuli

58
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • sounding out unfamiliar workds
  • language comprehension
  • damage causes an inability to speak sensible or understand spoke worlds or written language
59
Q

auditory association area

A

Complex processing of auditory information

60
Q

auditory cortex

A

Detection of sound quality (loudness, tone)

61
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • present in one hemisphere (usually left)
  • motor speach, directs muscles of tongue, lips, & pharynx requred for word formation
  • Damage causes difficutly in motor speech (apraxia) but they can still read & understand
62
Q

if there is a hematoma in the subacrachnoid space where does the blood pool?

A

subarachnoid mater & pia mater

63
Q

What are the different levels of protection of the brain? (furthest away to closest)

A

Bone
Mengiges
CSF

64
Q

What are the different levels of Mengiges?

A

Dura mater
arachnoid mater
Pia mater

65
Q

Dura Mater

A

-leathery strong outer meninx composed of two fused fiberious CT layrs
outermost layer of meningies..

66
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

where two layers of dura matter seperate

-sinuses collected venous blood from brain & direct it to jugular veins

67
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

-sinus within longitudinal fissure

68
Q

Falx cerebri:

A

dura mater that fold & dips into the longitudinal fissure

69
Q

What sense does the temporal lobe control?

A

smell & hearing

70
Q

What sense does the occipital lobe control?

A

sight

71
Q

What sense does the parietal lobe control?

A

pain, pressure, temperature, touch, and part of taste

72
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

consciousness and primary body movements

73
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Retina

74
Q

What does the transverse fissure seperates?

A

seperates cerebrum & cerebellum

75
Q

What does the Central Sulcus sperates?…

A

seperates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe & post central gyrus of parietal lobe

76
Q

What does the parietooccipital sulcus seperate?

A

parietal lobe & occipital lobe

77
Q

What does the lateral sulcus seperate?

A

seperates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobes

78
Q

What is the blood brain barier?

A

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances. (ie metabloic waste)

79
Q

Microglia Cell

A

small avoid cells with thorny processes

-transform into local macrophages that clean up microbes or neuronal debris

80
Q

Schwann Cells

A

surround majority of nerve fibers in PNS

  • form myelin sheaths
  • important for regeneration of damaged nerves
  • increas nerve condution speed
81
Q

Satellite Cells

A

surround ganglionic neuron cell bodies (similar to astrocyte in CNS

82
Q

Passive Ion Channels

A

leaky, always open

83
Q

Chemically gated ion channels

A

open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter

84
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

open & close in responce to specific membrane potential

85
Q

Mechanically gated ion channels

A

open & close in responcse to physical deformation of receptors

86
Q

Depolarization

A

inside of membrane is less negative

87
Q

Repolarization

A

membrane returns to its resting membrane

88
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

inside of membrane becomes even more negative than the resting potential

89
Q

What is the all-or-none phenomenon

A

action potentials either happen completely or not at all

90
Q

What is the Absolute refractory period?

A
  • prevents neuron from generating an action potential
  • ensures each action potential is seperate
  • enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses
91
Q

What is the relative refractory peroid?

A
  • it is the interval following the absolute refractory period when the:
  • sodium gates close *potassium gates open *repolization is occuring
92
Q

What is a synapses?

A

It is a juntion that mediates info transfered from one neuron to another

93
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

axon conduting impulses towards the synapse

94
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

axon transmits impusel away from synapse

95
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do?

A

cause depolarization

96
Q

What do inhibitory neuotransmitters do?

A

cause hyperpolarization

97
Q

Biogenic Amines:

A
  • distributed in brain

- plays role in emotional behaviors & sleep/wake cycle

98
Q

“gut-brain” peptides

A

involved with appetite, anxiety, growth hormone released

99
Q

Neuronal pools

A

it is a group of neurons that function together to integrate information & forward prossed info to the appropriate destination

100
Q

What is a covergent circute?

A

many incoming fibers stimulate one fiber, which then is carried out by only one circut

101
Q

What is a divergent circute?

A

one incoming fiber stimulates multible fibers, which then amlifys many circuts.

102
Q

What is parallel processing of a neuron?

A

when input travels along several pathways

-one stimulus promotes numeruous responces (ie smell- remind us of something then associate experiences)

103
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

sperates the right & left hemispheres

104
Q

transverse fissure

A

seperates caranium from cerebellum

105
Q

Corpus callosum

A

it allows communication between the two hemispheres that is done via myelinated tracks

106
Q

Funtion of frontal eye field:

A

controls voluntary eye movement; skeletal muscles attached to eyeball

107
Q

What is spacial discrimination?

A

recognition of what body part stimulus is coming from…

108
Q

What do commissure fiber tracts do?

A

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres

109
Q

What do association fibers do?

A

they connect different parts of the same hemisphere

110
Q

what do projection fibers do?

A

enter the hemispheres from hindbrain or spital cord centers

111
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

it is a mass of gray matter found deep within the brain that cortical white matter

112
Q

What neurotransmitter is requred for propper funtion of basal ganglia?

A

dopamine

A & P Fall 2013 (6 decks)

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