Unit 3 Test Flashcards
Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the central (haversian) canals.
Perforating (Volkmann) canals

Irregular latticework of think plates of spongy bone tissue
Trabeculae

Define “ossification.”
Formation of bone
The process of bone formation
Osteogenesis
What is osteoid tissue?
Newly formed organic bone matrix before calcification.
____ ____ is the process for the formation of many ____ bones in the fetus.
Intramembranous ossification is the process for the formation of many flat bones in the fetus.
____ ossification is the formation of osseous tissue by the ____ of calcified cartilage.
Endochondral ossification is the formation of osseous tissue by the replacement of calcified cartilage.
What is the basic structural unit of adult compact bone?
Osteon

What structures are inside an osteon?
- Concentric osseous lamella (layers/tree rings)
- Central (haversian) canal
- blood vessels
- lymph vessels
- nerves

What is the name of the circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone containing blood & lymph vessels and nerves?
Central (Haversian) canal

Lamellae are hard, calcified extracellular matrix in compact bone resembling ____ ____.
Lamellae are hard, calcified extracellular matrix in compact bone resembling tree rings.

What is an osteoclast?
An osteoclast is a large, multinucleated cell that resorbs (destroys) bone matrix.

What are the thin lines connecting the lamellae?

Canaliculi

What are the small, hollow spaces in bones that contain osteocytes?
Lacunae

What’s an osteocyte?
A mature bone cell
What type of cell builds bone?
Osteoblasts
A type of stem cell found in the inner layer of the periosteum that develops into osteoblasts
Osteogenic cells
The thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity is known as ____.
Endosteum

What’s the epiphyseal plate?
It’s a plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis & epiphysis of a long bone, which provides for growth in length.

What’s the growth plate?
Epiphyseal plate
The ____ is a thick membrane that covers the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage.
The periosteum is a thick membrane that covers the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage.

Where is the articular cartilage located?
@the epiphyses of movable joints

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage
What part of a bone is the epiphysis?

What part of a bone is the diaphysis?

What type of bone is this?

Trabecular/spongy/cancellous
___ is lightweight bone tissue that makes up the interior of bones and contains spaces with red bone marrow.
Trabecular bone is lightweight bone tissue that makes up the interior of bones and contains spaces with red bone marrow.

What is this part of long bones?

The medullary cavity
What is the function of the medullary cavity?
Stores yellow bone marrow in adults
Define compact bone

Compact bone forms the external portion of all bones and the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones; found immediately deep to the periosteum and superior to trabecular bone
Define hemopoietic
formation of blood cells
What forces bone to deposit minerals?
- Stress
- mechanical stress
- excercise
What type of connective tissue comprises tendons?

Dense regular connective tissue
What is the function of tendon?
Connects musle to bone

What is the function of ligaments?
Connecting bone to bone

Compare and contrast ligaments and tendons
- Compare
- both are dense regular connective tissue
- Contrast
- tendons connect muscle to bone
- ligaments connect bone to bone

Define cartilage
Connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae, embedded in a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers and an extracellular matrix of chondroitin sulfate.

Which disorder results in bones that are inadequately mineralized, causing “soft bones,” due to a lack of Vitamin D?
- Children
- Rickets
- Adults
- Osteomalacia
____ ____ is secreted by the anterior ____ and stimulates metabolism and tissue growth.
Growth Hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates metabolism and tissue growth.

What effects do anabolic steroids have on bone growth?
- bone growth stops
- epiphyseal plate “closes” prematurely
- abnormally short adult stature
What effects are caused by low levels of sex hormones (estrogens and testosterone)?
- Estrogen
- Increase in resorption and osteoporosis
- Testosterone
- Low bone mass

The picture on the right depicts what condition?

Lordosis
What condition is this?

Kyphosis
Define osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptability to fractures as a result of decreased levels of estrogen.

How much of the body’s PO43- is in the skeleton?
85-90%
The process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal or mechanical stress is known as ____.
The process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal or mechanical stress is known as remodeling.

Where is PTH formed and released?
Parathyroid gland

PTH release is a response to which condition?
Hypocalcemia

What’s the function of PTH?
- Raises blood Ca2+ level
- increases intestinal absortion of Ca2+
- promotes kidney reabsorption of Ca2+ and excretion of PO43-

Which gland releases calcitonin?
Thyroid

Releasing calcitonin is a response to which condition?
Hypercalcemia

What is the function of calcitonin?
- lowers blood Ca2+
- inhibits resorption

What is hypercalcemia?
Increased levels of blood Ca2+
What is a decrease of Ca2+ levels in the blood?
hypocalcemia
Compare and contrast hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia

What is appositional growth?
Growth by the addition of new layers to the surface of those previously formed.

At what is the arrow pointing?

the epiphyseal line, or the remnant of the epiphyseal plate
What is interstitial growth?
tissue growth from a number of different centers within a nonrigid matrix
C&C appositional vs interstitial growth.

How much of the body’s Ca is in the skeletal system?
~99%
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Resorption - removal of osseous tissue

A stone formed within various body parts is known as ____.
A stone formed within various body parts is known as a calculus.
How much of bone consists of the mineral hydroxyapatite?
~65%
Which part of long bones contains the gowth plate?
The metaphysis is the region of long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis that contains the epiphyseal plate in a growing bone.

What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- support
- protection
- movement
- electrolyte balance
- acid-base balance
- blood formation

What are short bones?

What are flat bones?

What are irregular bones?

What are long bones?

What is the nutrient foramen?
An external opening for the entrance of blood vessels in a bone.

What are Sharpey’s fibers?
They connect the periosteum to the bone.

What role does osteocalcin play?
Osteocalcin is secreted by osteoblasts and is implicated in mineralization & Ca2+ homeostasis
What is mineralization?
Process of laying down minerals on bone matrix
Ca3(PO4)2
The active form of Vitamin D is what?
Calcitriol
The body will adapt to the loads/stresses acted upon it.
Wolff’s Law
