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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 3 Test > Flashcards

Unit 3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the central (haversian) canals.

A

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

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2
Q

Irregular latticework of think plates of spongy bone tissue

A

Trabeculae

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3
Q

Define “ossification.”

A

Formation of bone

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4
Q

The process of bone formation

A

Osteogenesis

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5
Q

What is osteoid tissue?

A

Newly formed organic bone matrix before calcification.

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6
Q

____ ____ is the process for the formation of many ____ bones in the fetus.

A

Intramembranous ossification is the process for the formation of many flat bones in the fetus.

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7
Q

____ ossification is the formation of osseous tissue by the ____ of calcified cartilage.

A

Endochondral ossification is the formation of osseous tissue by the replacement of calcified cartilage.

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8
Q

What is the basic structural unit of adult compact bone?

A

Osteon

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9
Q

What structures are inside an osteon?

A
  • Concentric osseous lamella (layers/tree rings)
  • Central (haversian) canal
    • blood vessels
    • lymph vessels
    • nerves
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10
Q

What is the name of the circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone containing blood & lymph vessels and nerves?

A

Central (Haversian) canal

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11
Q

Lamellae are hard, calcified extracellular matrix in compact bone resembling ____ ____.

A

Lamellae are hard, calcified extracellular matrix in compact bone resembling tree rings.

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12
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

An osteoclast is a large, multinucleated cell that resorbs (destroys) bone matrix.

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13
Q

What are the thin lines connecting the lamellae?

A

Canaliculi

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14
Q

What are the small, hollow spaces in bones that contain osteocytes?

A

Lacunae

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15
Q

What’s an osteocyte?

A

A mature bone cell

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16
Q

What type of cell builds bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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17
Q

A type of stem cell found in the inner layer of the periosteum that develops into osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic cells

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18
Q

The thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity is known as ____.

A

Endosteum

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19
Q

What’s the epiphyseal plate?

A

It’s a plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis & epiphysis of a long bone, which provides for growth in length.

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20
Q

What’s the growth plate?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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21
Q

The ____ is a thick membrane that covers the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage.

A

The periosteum is a thick membrane that covers the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage.

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22
Q

Where is the articular cartilage located?

A

@the epiphyses of movable joints

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23
Q

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

What part of a bone is the epiphysis?

A
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25
Q

What part of a bone is the diaphysis?

A
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26
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

Trabecular/spongy/cancellous

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27
Q

___ is lightweight bone tissue that makes up the interior of bones and contains spaces with red bone marrow.

A

Trabecular bone is lightweight bone tissue that makes up the interior of bones and contains spaces with red bone marrow.

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28
Q

What is this part of long bones?

A

The medullary cavity

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29
Q

What is the function of the medullary cavity?

A

Stores yellow bone marrow in adults

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30
Q

Define compact bone

A

Compact bone forms the external portion of all bones and the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones; found immediately deep to the periosteum and superior to trabecular bone

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31
Q

Define hemopoietic

A

formation of blood cells

32
Q

What forces bone to deposit minerals?

A
  • Stress
    • mechanical stress
    • excercise
33
Q

What type of connective tissue comprises tendons?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

34
Q

What is the function of tendon?

A

Connects musle to bone

35
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Connecting bone to bone

36
Q

Compare and contrast ligaments and tendons

A
  • Compare
    • both are dense regular connective tissue
  • Contrast
    • tendons connect muscle to bone
    • ligaments connect bone to bone
37
Q

Define cartilage

A

Connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae, embedded in a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers and an extracellular matrix of chondroitin sulfate.

38
Q

Which disorder results in bones that are inadequately mineralized, causing “soft bones,” due to a lack of Vitamin D?

A
  • Children
    • Rickets
  • Adults
    • Osteomalacia
39
Q

____ ____ is secreted by the anterior ____ and stimulates metabolism and tissue growth.

A

Growth Hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates metabolism and tissue growth.

40
Q

What effects do anabolic steroids have on bone growth?

A
  • bone growth stops
  • epiphyseal plate “closes” prematurely
    • abnormally short adult stature
41
Q

What effects are caused by low levels of sex hormones (estrogens and testosterone)?

A
  • Estrogen
    • Increase in resorption and osteoporosis
  • Testosterone
    • Low bone mass
42
Q

The picture on the right depicts what condition?

A

Lordosis

43
Q

What condition is this?

A

Kyphosis

44
Q

Define osteoporosis.

A

Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptability to fractures as a result of decreased levels of estrogen.

45
Q

How much of the body’s PO43- is in the skeleton?

A

85-90%

46
Q

The process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal or mechanical stress is known as ____.

A

The process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal or mechanical stress is known as remodeling.

47
Q

Where is PTH formed and released?

A

Parathyroid gland

48
Q

PTH release is a response to which condition?

A

Hypocalcemia

49
Q

What’s the function of PTH?

A
  • Raises blood Ca2+ level
  • increases intestinal absortion of Ca2+
  • promotes kidney reabsorption of Ca2+ and excretion of PO43-
50
Q

Which gland releases calcitonin?

A

Thyroid

51
Q

Releasing calcitonin is a response to which condition?

A

Hypercalcemia

52
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A
  • lowers blood Ca2+
  • inhibits resorption
53
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Increased levels of blood Ca2+

54
Q

What is a decrease of Ca2+ levels in the blood?

A

hypocalcemia

55
Q

Compare and contrast hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia

A
56
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth by the addition of new layers to the surface of those previously formed.

57
Q

At what is the arrow pointing?

A

the epiphyseal line, or the remnant of the epiphyseal plate

58
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

tissue growth from a number of different centers within a nonrigid matrix

59
Q

C&C appositional vs interstitial growth.

A
60
Q

How much of the body’s Ca is in the skeletal system?

A

~99%

61
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Resorption - removal of osseous tissue

62
Q

A stone formed within various body parts is known as ____.

A

A stone formed within various body parts is known as a calculus.

63
Q

How much of bone consists of the mineral hydroxyapatite?

A

~65%

64
Q

Which part of long bones contains the gowth plate?

A

The metaphysis is the region of long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis that contains the epiphyseal plate in a growing bone.

65
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. electrolyte balance
  5. acid-base balance
  6. blood formation
66
Q

What are short bones?

A
67
Q

What are flat bones?

A
68
Q

What are irregular bones?

A
69
Q

What are long bones?

A
70
Q

What is the nutrient foramen?

A

An external opening for the entrance of blood vessels in a bone.

71
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

They connect the periosteum to the bone.

72
Q

What role does osteocalcin play?

A

Osteocalcin is secreted by osteoblasts and is implicated in mineralization & Ca2+ homeostasis

73
Q

What is mineralization?

A

Process of laying down minerals on bone matrix

Ca3(PO4)2

74
Q

The active form of Vitamin D is what?

A

Calcitriol

75
Q

The body will adapt to the loads/stresses acted upon it.

A

Wolff’s Law

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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