Comprehensive Final

Question 1

The visceral pericardium is ________ to the parietal pericardium. 


Answer 1

deep

Question 2

The right shoulder is ______ and __________ to the umbilical region.

Answer 2

superior; lateral

Question 3

The _____ region of the left lower limb is proximal to the _____ region of the same limb. 


Answer 3

femoral; crural

Question 4

Which organ system removes waste products from the blood, regulates pH and water balance?

Answer 4

urinary

Question 5

The thymus, spleen and tonsils are principal organs of which system?

Answer 5

lymphatic system

Question 6

The pedal region refers to which body part?

Answer 6

foot

Question 7

The breastbone is _____ to the vertebral column.

Answer 7

anterior

Question 8

When a boy is standing on his head, his chin is _______ to his mouth.

Answer 8

inferior

Question 9

Which organ system transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body and regulates body temperature?

Answer 9

respiratory

Question 10

What structure separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Answer 10

diaphragm

Question 11

The body’s ability to maintain itself in a steady state is known as ____.

Answer 11

homeostasis

Question 12

The body’s ability to produce energy for muscle contraction during exercise by the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is ____.

Answer 12

metabolism

Question 13

The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called ____.

Answer 13

inductive method

Question 14

The principal theory of how evolution works is called 
____.

Answer 14

natural selection

Question 15

____ feedback maintains homeostasis, keeps parameters within normal range, and resists deviation from a set point.

Answer 15

Negative

Question 16

The study of structure and function of cells is called 
____.

Answer 16

cytology

Question 17

Three common components of a feedback loop are:

Answer 17

a receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an effector

Question 18

Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.

Answer 18

reductionist

Question 19

An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell. 


Answer 19

organ, organelles

Question 20

Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of 
____.

Answer 20

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 21

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of:

Answer 21

two monosaccharides

Question 22

What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

Answer 22

nitrogen

Question 23

What is the atomic mass of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

Answer 23

12

Question 24

By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?

Answer 24

unsaturated

Question 25

A triglyceride includes:

Answer 25

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Question 26

A(n) ________ forms when two atoms share electrons.

Answer 26

covalent bond

Question 27

The specific function of a protein is determined by:

Answer 27

its three-dimensional shape

Question 28

In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a(n) ________ bond.

Answer 28

polar covalent

Question 29

What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

Answer 29

protons and neutrons

Question 30

What is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction?

Answer 30

an enzyme

Question 31

_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

Answer 31

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

Question 32

Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has ____.

Answer 32

microvilli

Question 33

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that ____.

Answer 33

the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others

Question 34

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______.

Answer 34

lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification

Question 35

The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines

Answer 35

the cell theory

Question 36

Long fibers of DNA and protein are called

Answer 36

chromatin

Question 37

______ is to eating as ______ is to drinking.

Answer 37

Phagocytosis . . . pinocytosis

Question 38

The function of the nucleolus is

Answer 38

to manufacture ribosomal RNA

Question 39

In cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?

Answer 39

cytoplasm

Question 40

Which type of diffusion requires the use of ATP?

Answer 40

active transport

Question 41

The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called

Answer 41

cytokinesis

Question 42

Anticodons, codons, and base triplets correspond to ________________, respectively.

Answer 42

tRNA, mRNA, and DNA

Question 43

Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry loci for the same traits in the same positions on the chromosome but specify different versions of some traits constitute a pair of

Answer 43

homologous chromosomes

Question 44

One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______.

Answer 44

mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

Question 45

The backbone of DNA consists of ______.

Answer 45

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

Question 46

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

Answer 46

Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do

Question 47

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.

Answer 47

osteoblasts; osteocytes

Question 48

Spicules and trabeculae are found in

Answer 48

spongy bone

Question 49

This structure covers the outer surface of bones and serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments:

Answer 49

periosteum

Question 50

Bone cells that are responsible for resorption of bone tissue are called:

Answer 50

osteoclasts

Question 51

____________ affects more people than any other bone disease.

Answer 51

Osteoporosis

Question 52

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not

Answer 52

lower blood calcium

Question 53

Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?

Answer 53

because separate bones gradually fuse with age

Question 54

The brachium contains the ________________, whereas the antebrachium contains the ________________.

Answer 54

humerus; radius and ulna

Question 55

Fontanels are ____________ in an infant

Answer 55

spaces between the unfused cranial bones

Question 56

A ____ is a rough elevated surface

Answer 56

tuberosity

Question 57

Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called

Answer 57

sutures

Question 58

The _____________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the _____________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.

Answer 58

sternum; clavicle

Question 59

The acetabulum articulates with the

Answer 59

femur

Question 60

The joint between L2 and L3 is a

Answer 60

symphysis

Question 61

The radioulnar joint is what type of joint?

Answer 61

pivot joint

Question 62

Unlike other joints, a ________________ does not join two bones to each other.

Answer 62

gomphosis

Question 63

_______________________ are the least movable joints.

Answer 63

Synostoses

Question 64

An articulation is

Answer 64

any point at which two bones meet.

Question 65

When you hold out your hands with the palms up, ______________ of your wrists will tip your palms toward you.

Answer 65

flexion

Question 66

The joint between costal cartilage 1 and the sternum is a ____________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____________ joints.

Answer 66

synchondrosis; synovial

Question 67

Which is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?

Answer 67

the knee

Question 68

The radioulnar joint is a

Answer 68

syndesmosis.

Question 69

Which structures comprise the central nervous system?

Answer 69

the brain and spinal cord

Question 70

Describe the absolute refractory period.

Answer 70

No stimulus, regardless of its strength, can trigger another action potential while an action potential is currently under way.

Question 71

Most of the myelin sheath is composed of

Answer 71

Lipids

Question 72

While the membrane is depolarizing, which ion gates are open?

Answer 72

sodium gates

Question 73

Which portion of the motor division of the nervous system conducts action potentials from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle fibers.

Answer 73

somatic

Question 74

The autonomic nervous system is also called the

Answer 74

visceral motor division

Question 75

Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the

Answer 75

soma

Question 76

The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the

Answer 76

cauda equina

Question 77

The plexus that originates from spinal nerves L1-L4 is this:

Answer 77

lumbar plexus

Question 78

You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little but this reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the

Answer 78

stretch (myotatic) reflex

Question 79

The cervical plexus gives origin to the ___ nerve(s).

Answer 79

phrenic

Question 80

A nerve is actually composed of many nerve fibers (axons) bound together in a fascicle which is wrapped in ________________.

Answer 80

perineurium

Question 81

The following cranial nerve has no sensory nuclei in the brainstem:

Answer 81

CN I - olfactory

Question 82

This cranial nerve brings in information about equilibrium:

Answer 82

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

Question 83

Planning, motivation, and social judgment are function of the brain associated with which section of the brain?

Answer 83

the frontal lobe

Question 84

This nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Answer 84

CN X - vagus

Question 85

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to

Answer 85

glucose and oxygen

Question 86

There are no cranial nerves associated with what part of the brain?

Answer 86

cerebellum

Question 87

What is the principal visual center of the brain?

Answer 87

the occipital lobe

Question 88

The arbor vitae is a structure found in

Answer 88

the cerebellum

Question 89

The type of sensory receptors involved in the autonomic reflex that regulates blood pressure is this:

Answer 89

baroreceptors

Question 90

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in

Answer 90

CN X - vagus nerve

Question 91

___ is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

Answer 91

Autonomic tone