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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Comprehensive Final > Flashcards

Comprehensive Final Flashcards

1
Q

The visceral pericardium is ________ to the parietal pericardium. 


A

deep

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2
Q

The right shoulder is ______ and __________ to the umbilical region.

A

superior; lateral

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3
Q

The _____ region of the left lower limb is proximal to the _____ region of the same limb. 


A

femoral; crural

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4
Q

Which organ system removes waste products from the blood, regulates pH and water balance?

A

urinary

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5
Q

The thymus, spleen and tonsils are principal organs of which system?

A

lymphatic system

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6
Q

The pedal region refers to which body part?

A

foot

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7
Q

The breastbone is _____ to the vertebral column.

A

anterior

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8
Q

When a boy is standing on his head, his chin is _______ to his mouth.

A

inferior

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9
Q

Which organ system transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body and regulates body temperature?

A

respiratory

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10
Q

What structure separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

diaphragm

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11
Q

The body’s ability to maintain itself in a steady state is known as ____.

A

homeostasis

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12
Q

The body’s ability to produce energy for muscle contraction during exercise by the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is ____.

A

metabolism

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13
Q

The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called ____.

A

inductive method

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14
Q

The principal theory of how evolution works is called 
____.

A

natural selection

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15
Q

____ feedback maintains homeostasis, keeps parameters within normal range, and resists deviation from a set point.

A

Negative

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16
Q

The study of structure and function of cells is called 
____.

A

cytology

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17
Q

Three common components of a feedback loop are:

A

a receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an effector

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18
Q

Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.

A

reductionist

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19
Q

An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell. 


A

organ, organelles

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20
Q

Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of 
____.

A

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

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21
Q

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of:

A

two monosaccharides

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22
Q

What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

A

nitrogen

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23
Q

What is the atomic mass of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

A

12

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24
Q

By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?

A

unsaturated

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25
Q

A triglyceride includes:

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

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26
Q

A(n) ________ forms when two atoms share electrons.

A

covalent bond

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27
Q

The specific function of a protein is determined by:

A

its three-dimensional shape

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28
Q

In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a(n) ________ bond.

A

polar covalent

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29
Q

What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

protons and neutrons

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30
Q

What is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction?

A

an enzyme

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31
Q

_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

A

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

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32
Q

Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has ____.

A

microvilli

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33
Q

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that ____.

A

the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others

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34
Q

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______.

A

lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification

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35
Q

The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines

A

the cell theory

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36
Q

Long fibers of DNA and protein are called

A

chromatin

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37
Q

______ is to eating as ______ is to drinking.

A

Phagocytosis . . . pinocytosis

38
Q

The function of the nucleolus is

A

to manufacture ribosomal RNA

39
Q

In cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?

A

cytoplasm

40
Q

Which type of diffusion requires the use of ATP?

A

active transport

41
Q

The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called

A

cytokinesis

42
Q

Anticodons, codons, and base triplets correspond to ________________, respectively.

A

tRNA, mRNA, and DNA

43
Q

Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry loci for the same traits in the same positions on the chromosome but specify different versions of some traits constitute a pair of

A

homologous chromosomes

44
Q

One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______.

A

mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

45
Q

The backbone of DNA consists of ______.

A

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

46
Q

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

A

Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do

47
Q

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.

A

osteoblasts; osteocytes

48
Q

Spicules and trabeculae are found in

A

spongy bone

49
Q

This structure covers the outer surface of bones and serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments:

A

periosteum

50
Q

Bone cells that are responsible for resorption of bone tissue are called:

A

osteoclasts

51
Q

____________ affects more people than any other bone disease.

A

Osteoporosis

52
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not

A

lower blood calcium

53
Q

Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?

A

because separate bones gradually fuse with age

54
Q

The brachium contains the ________________, whereas the antebrachium contains the ________________.

A

humerus; radius and ulna

55
Q

Fontanels are ____________ in an infant

A

spaces between the unfused cranial bones

56
Q

A ____ is a rough elevated surface

A

tuberosity

57
Q

Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called

A

sutures

58
Q

The _____________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the _____________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.

A

sternum; clavicle

59
Q

The acetabulum articulates with the

A

femur

60
Q

The joint between L2 and L3 is a

A

symphysis

61
Q

The radioulnar joint is what type of joint?

A

pivot joint

62
Q

Unlike other joints, a ________________ does not join two bones to each other.

A

gomphosis

63
Q

_______________________ are the least movable joints.

A

Synostoses

64
Q

An articulation is

A

any point at which two bones meet.

65
Q

When you hold out your hands with the palms up, ______________ of your wrists will tip your palms toward you.

A

flexion

66
Q

The joint between costal cartilage 1 and the sternum is a ____________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____________ joints.

A

synchondrosis; synovial

67
Q

Which is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?

A

the knee

68
Q

The radioulnar joint is a

A

syndesmosis.

69
Q

Which structures comprise the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

70
Q

Describe the absolute refractory period.

A

No stimulus, regardless of its strength, can trigger another action potential while an action potential is currently under way.

71
Q

Most of the myelin sheath is composed of

A

Lipids

72
Q

While the membrane is depolarizing, which ion gates are open?

A

sodium gates

73
Q

Which portion of the motor division of the nervous system conducts action potentials from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle fibers.

A

somatic

74
Q

The autonomic nervous system is also called the

A

visceral motor division

75
Q

Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the

A

soma

76
Q

The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the

A

cauda equina

77
Q

The plexus that originates from spinal nerves L1-L4 is this:

A

lumbar plexus

78
Q

You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little but this reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the

A

stretch (myotatic) reflex

79
Q

The cervical plexus gives origin to the ___ nerve(s).

A

phrenic

80
Q

A nerve is actually composed of many nerve fibers (axons) bound together in a fascicle which is wrapped in ________________.

A

perineurium

81
Q

The following cranial nerve has no sensory nuclei in the brainstem:

A

CN I - olfactory

82
Q

This cranial nerve brings in information about equilibrium:

A

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

83
Q

Planning, motivation, and social judgment are function of the brain associated with which section of the brain?

A

the frontal lobe

84
Q

This nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

A

CN X - vagus

85
Q

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to

A

glucose and oxygen

86
Q

There are no cranial nerves associated with what part of the brain?

A

cerebellum

87
Q

What is the principal visual center of the brain?

A

the occipital lobe

88
Q

The arbor vitae is a structure found in

A

the cerebellum

89
Q

The type of sensory receptors involved in the autonomic reflex that regulates blood pressure is this:

A

baroreceptors

90
Q

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in

A

CN X - vagus nerve

91
Q

___ is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

A

Autonomic tone

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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