Comprehensive Final Flashcards
The visceral pericardium is ________ to the parietal pericardium.
deep
The right shoulder is ______ and __________ to the umbilical region.
superior; lateral
The _____ region of the left lower limb is proximal to the _____ region of the same limb.
femoral; crural
Which organ system removes waste products from the blood, regulates pH and water balance?
urinary
The thymus, spleen and tonsils are principal organs of which system?
lymphatic system
The pedal region refers to which body part?
foot
The breastbone is _____ to the vertebral column.
anterior
When a boy is standing on his head, his chin is _______ to his mouth.
inferior
Which organ system transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body and regulates body temperature?
respiratory
What structure separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
diaphragm
The body’s ability to maintain itself in a steady state is known as ____.
homeostasis
The body’s ability to produce energy for muscle contraction during exercise by the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is ____.
metabolism
The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called ____.
inductive method
The principal theory of how evolution works is called ____.
natural selection
____ feedback maintains homeostasis, keeps parameters within normal range, and resists deviation from a set point.
Negative
The study of structure and function of cells is called ____.
cytology
Three common components of a feedback loop are:
a receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an effector
Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.
reductionist
An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.
organ, organelles
Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of ____.
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of:
two monosaccharides
What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?
nitrogen
What is the atomic mass of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
12
By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?
unsaturated
A triglyceride includes:
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
A(n) ________ forms when two atoms share electrons.
covalent bond
The specific function of a protein is determined by:
its three-dimensional shape
In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a(n) ________ bond.
polar covalent
What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
What is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction?
an enzyme
_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells.
Filtration; hydrostatic pressure
Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has ____.
microvilli
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that ____.
the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______.
lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification
The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines
the cell theory
Long fibers of DNA and protein are called
chromatin
______ is to eating as ______ is to drinking.
Phagocytosis . . . pinocytosis
The function of the nucleolus is
to manufacture ribosomal RNA
In cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?
cytoplasm
Which type of diffusion requires the use of ATP?
active transport
The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called
cytokinesis
Anticodons, codons, and base triplets correspond to ________________, respectively.
tRNA, mRNA, and DNA
Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry loci for the same traits in the same positions on the chromosome but specify different versions of some traits constitute a pair of
homologous chromosomes
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______.
mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
The backbone of DNA consists of ______.
a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern
What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do
When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
osteoblasts; osteocytes
Spicules and trabeculae are found in
spongy bone
This structure covers the outer surface of bones and serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments:
periosteum
Bone cells that are responsible for resorption of bone tissue are called:
osteoclasts
____________ affects more people than any other bone disease.
Osteoporosis
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not
lower blood calcium
Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?
because separate bones gradually fuse with age
The brachium contains the ________________, whereas the antebrachium contains the ________________.
humerus; radius and ulna
Fontanels are ____________ in an infant
spaces between the unfused cranial bones
A ____ is a rough elevated surface
tuberosity
Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called
sutures
The _____________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the _____________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.
sternum; clavicle
The acetabulum articulates with the
femur
The joint between L2 and L3 is a
symphysis
The radioulnar joint is what type of joint?
pivot joint
Unlike other joints, a ________________ does not join two bones to each other.
gomphosis
_______________________ are the least movable joints.
Synostoses
An articulation is
any point at which two bones meet.
When you hold out your hands with the palms up, ______________ of your wrists will tip your palms toward you.
flexion
The joint between costal cartilage 1 and the sternum is a ____________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____________ joints.
synchondrosis; synovial
Which is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?
the knee
The radioulnar joint is a
syndesmosis.
Which structures comprise the central nervous system?
the brain and spinal cord
Describe the absolute refractory period.
No stimulus, regardless of its strength, can trigger another action potential while an action potential is currently under way.
Most of the myelin sheath is composed of
Lipids
While the membrane is depolarizing, which ion gates are open?
sodium gates
Which portion of the motor division of the nervous system conducts action potentials from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle fibers.
somatic
The autonomic nervous system is also called the
visceral motor division
Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the
soma
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the
cauda equina
The plexus that originates from spinal nerves L1-L4 is this:
lumbar plexus
You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little but this reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the
stretch (myotatic) reflex
The cervical plexus gives origin to the ___ nerve(s).
phrenic
A nerve is actually composed of many nerve fibers (axons) bound together in a fascicle which is wrapped in ________________.
perineurium
The following cranial nerve has no sensory nuclei in the brainstem:
CN I - olfactory
This cranial nerve brings in information about equilibrium:
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
Planning, motivation, and social judgment are function of the brain associated with which section of the brain?
the frontal lobe
This nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
CN X - vagus
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to
glucose and oxygen
There are no cranial nerves associated with what part of the brain?
cerebellum
What is the principal visual center of the brain?
the occipital lobe
The arbor vitae is a structure found in
the cerebellum
The type of sensory receptors involved in the autonomic reflex that regulates blood pressure is this:
baroreceptors
Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in
CN X - vagus nerve
___ is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
Autonomic tone
