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Health Science > Unit 3 Terms > Flashcards

Unit 3 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrient

A

A substance in food that is used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair.

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins. Large complex organic molecules which form the base or all living functions. Built around carbon but also contain hydrogen and oxygen. Can also be called polymers.

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3
Q

Micromolecules

A

Vitamins, minerals

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4
Q

Chemical reaction

A

A process leading to chemical changes in matter.

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5
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

The anabolic process used to link monomers together by removing H2O.

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The catabolic process used to break down polymers by adding H2O.

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Simplest carbs are monosaccharides (3-7). Small chains a sugars for short bursts of energy. The main fuel for cellular respiration.

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8
Q

Polymers

A

Large molecules formed by linking monomers together by covalent bonds.

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9
Q

Monomers

A

Small molecules that can be linked together to form polymers.

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

the combination of two monosaccharides. ex. sucrose. formed by dehydration synthesis.

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11
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. Used to store energy. Starches, glycogen, Cellulose.

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12
Q

Starch

A

Entirely glucose monomers. Used for storing energy and raw materials in plant roots and other tissues. Used as food by hydrolyzing the bonds between monomers within the digestive tract.

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13
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal starches. Mainly located in muscle cells and liver. How animals store energy. Identical to starches but more highly branched. We can hydrolyze glycogen found in meat.

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14
Q

Cellulose

A

very very long chains of carbs. Hard to digest because H+ and O- are attracted. Humans can’t hydrolyze. Known as fiber.

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15
Q

Lipids

A

Mainly carbon and hydrogen. Linked together by non-polar covalent bonds. Not true polymers. More hydrogen to carbon, so more energy. 1g of fat is 2x more NRG than 1g of carbs. Fuel for the liver (metabolized to acetic acid)

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16
Q

Saturated Fats

A

contain max number of hydrogen atoms, only single bonds. Solid at room temp.

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17
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

contain min number of hydrogen atoms, double or triple bonds. Liquid at room temp.

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18
Q

Transfats

A

Unhealthy because they’re foreign.P

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19
Q

Proteins

A

Very complex compounds. Very long chains called polypeptides, usually folded into unique 3D structure. Important to cell structure. Made up of monomers called amino acids.

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20
Q

Structural Proteins

A

Hair, nails, and muscles

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21
Q

Functional Proteins

A

antibodies, hemoglobin

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22
Q

Peptide Bond

A

when two amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis.

23
Q

Amino Acids

A

there are 20 that can be used, but 8 can’t be synthesized by humans.

24
Q

Protein Shape

A

The shape of the protein determines the function. If the shape is lost the function is also lost.

25
Q

Denaturation

A

altering the temp of pH of a proteins environment causing it to denature, or change shape.

26
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic nutrients of various forms that the body requires in small amounts. Can be found in all food groups, but no one food contains all. Most function as enzymes. Can assist enzymes by slightly changing shape of active site to assist protein function.

27
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic substances. Need calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. Need trace amounts of selenium, fluoride, iodine, iron, copper, zinc, etc.

28
Q

Water

A

makes up 60-90% of certain tissues. Human body is 65% water. Dilutes waste substances and transports them out of the body. Acts as a dissolving agent so substances can be transported through bodies and cell membranes. Lubricants (saliva, mucous). Temperature regulator. Enter the body through absorption, drinking, food, and dehydration synthesis.

29
Q

Ingestion

A

the process of taking nutrients into the body.

30
Q

Digestion

A

Converting nutrients into smaller soluble forms that are able to pass through tiny membranes. They are transported through the body and used by cells.

31
Q

Phases of Digestion

A
  1. Mechanical. Chewing or grinding in the mouth. Churning in to stomach.
  2. Chemical. Hormones stimulate enzymes to help digest.
32
Q

Waste

A

anything which has no useful value to the body at a particular time, or which there is excess of.

33
Q

Internal Metabolic Processes

A

Where energy in converted from one form to another resulting in waste products.
Ingestion also bring in unwanted nutrients.

34
Q

Types of Waste

A

Gas (carbon dioxide), water, mineral salts, ammonia, dead cells, toxins.

35
Q

Excretion

A

matter which leaves the cells and is considered to be of no value or harmful to the body.

36
Q

Secretion

A

a material that is useful to the body in some way. Cells produce, accumulate then release material to outside the cell. Digestive enzymes released into mouth.

37
Q

Elimination

A

the final removal of the substance out of the body.

38
Q

Nitrogen Wastes

A

Excess proteins can’t be stored in large amounts. the reason for this is that the protein molecule is made up of amino acids that contain nitrogen in the amino group (­NH2). this amino group containing the nitrogen must be removed from the amino acid. this process is called deamination and occurs in the liver. the by­product from this process is ammonia (NH3)ammonia is TOXIC and is also water soluble. the liver works to get rid of the ammonia. two molecules of ammonia combine with another waste product, CO2, to form urea ­
CO(NH2) 2 and/or another substance ­ uric acid ­ C5H4N4O3. urea remains soluble and is not harmful to cells. uric acid is almost an insoluble crystal and is not very toxic in this form. urea is soluble in water; which means we need water to excrete it

39
Q

Kidney stones

A

Solid crystal aggregation that forms in the kidney. Calcium oxalate and uric acid.

40
Q

Parts of the Excretory System

A

-lungs (carbon dioxide, water)
-skin (water, salts)
-kidneys (major organ)
-bladder (storage)

41
Q

Kidneys

A

The kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing wastes and excess water from the body, and by maintaining pH of blood.

42
Q

The Digestive System Needs…

A

Fiber, water, minerals such as Ca, Mg, K, and Na to help with smooth muscle contraction.

43
Q

The Excretory System Needs…

A

water, minerals such as Mg, K, and Na.

44
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A

a disease in which cells in the colon or rectum become abnormal and divide without control forming masses called tumors. Symptoms are blood in stool, change in bowel habits, frequent or constant cramps, narrow stools, stomach discomfort, weight loss.

45
Q

Fecal Occult Blood Test

A

to check for hidden blood in fecal material.

46
Q

Colonoscopy

A

Rectum and colon are examined using a lighted colonoscope. Can biopsy or remove polyps (growths) found. Cleansing of colon and mild sedation needed.

47
Q

Virtual Colonoscopy

A

Cleansing of colon (may use air to inflate). A CT scanner takes cross section x-rays and puts together to form 3D image. If abnormalities occur a regular colonoscopy will be done.

48
Q

Double Contrast Barium Enema

A

Cleaning of colon is necessary. Air is used to inflate colon. x-rays of the colon and rectum are taken after a liquid containing barium sulfate is put into the rectum.

49
Q

What do we digest?

A

Proteins. Broken down into component amino acids. Carbs are broken down into simple carbs. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. All are absorbed into bloodstream through small intestine.

50
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Broken down in the liver to produce acetic acid.

51
Q

Acetone

A

Produced when the body lacks glucose. Smells like alcohol.

52
Q

Importance of Carbs

A

Main source of energy

53
Q

Importance of Lipids

A

Used for cushioning organs. Stores energy for later use.

54
Q

Importance of Proteins

A

Cell repair, structural and functional.

Health Science (5 decks)

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