Unit 3 Terms Flashcards
Nutrient
A substance in food that is used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair.
Macromolecules
Carbs, lipids, proteins. Large complex organic molecules which form the base or all living functions. Built around carbon but also contain hydrogen and oxygen. Can also be called polymers.
Micromolecules
Vitamins, minerals
Chemical reaction
A process leading to chemical changes in matter.
Dehydration Synthesis
The anabolic process used to link monomers together by removing H2O.
Hydrolysis
The catabolic process used to break down polymers by adding H2O.
Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Simplest carbs are monosaccharides (3-7). Small chains a sugars for short bursts of energy. The main fuel for cellular respiration.
Polymers
Large molecules formed by linking monomers together by covalent bonds.
Monomers
Small molecules that can be linked together to form polymers.
Disaccharides
the combination of two monosaccharides. ex. sucrose. formed by dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. Used to store energy. Starches, glycogen, Cellulose.
Starch
Entirely glucose monomers. Used for storing energy and raw materials in plant roots and other tissues. Used as food by hydrolyzing the bonds between monomers within the digestive tract.
Glycogen
Animal starches. Mainly located in muscle cells and liver. How animals store energy. Identical to starches but more highly branched. We can hydrolyze glycogen found in meat.
Cellulose
very very long chains of carbs. Hard to digest because H+ and O- are attracted. Humans can’t hydrolyze. Known as fiber.
Lipids
Mainly carbon and hydrogen. Linked together by non-polar covalent bonds. Not true polymers. More hydrogen to carbon, so more energy. 1g of fat is 2x more NRG than 1g of carbs. Fuel for the liver (metabolized to acetic acid)
Saturated Fats
contain max number of hydrogen atoms, only single bonds. Solid at room temp.
Unsaturated Fats
contain min number of hydrogen atoms, double or triple bonds. Liquid at room temp.
Transfats
Unhealthy because they’re foreign.P
Proteins
Very complex compounds. Very long chains called polypeptides, usually folded into unique 3D structure. Important to cell structure. Made up of monomers called amino acids.
Structural Proteins
Hair, nails, and muscles
Functional Proteins
antibodies, hemoglobin
Peptide Bond
when two amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis.
Amino Acids
there are 20 that can be used, but 8 can’t be synthesized by humans.
Protein Shape
The shape of the protein determines the function. If the shape is lost the function is also lost.
Denaturation
altering the temp of pH of a proteins environment causing it to denature, or change shape.
Vitamins
Organic nutrients of various forms that the body requires in small amounts. Can be found in all food groups, but no one food contains all. Most function as enzymes. Can assist enzymes by slightly changing shape of active site to assist protein function.
Minerals
Inorganic substances. Need calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. Need trace amounts of selenium, fluoride, iodine, iron, copper, zinc, etc.
Water
makes up 60-90% of certain tissues. Human body is 65% water. Dilutes waste substances and transports them out of the body. Acts as a dissolving agent so substances can be transported through bodies and cell membranes. Lubricants (saliva, mucous). Temperature regulator. Enter the body through absorption, drinking, food, and dehydration synthesis.
Ingestion
the process of taking nutrients into the body.
Digestion
Converting nutrients into smaller soluble forms that are able to pass through tiny membranes. They are transported through the body and used by cells.
Phases of Digestion
- Mechanical. Chewing or grinding in the mouth. Churning in to stomach.
- Chemical. Hormones stimulate enzymes to help digest.
Waste
anything which has no useful value to the body at a particular time, or which there is excess of.
Internal Metabolic Processes
Where energy in converted from one form to another resulting in waste products.
Ingestion also bring in unwanted nutrients.
Types of Waste
Gas (carbon dioxide), water, mineral salts, ammonia, dead cells, toxins.
Excretion
matter which leaves the cells and is considered to be of no value or harmful to the body.
Secretion
a material that is useful to the body in some way. Cells produce, accumulate then release material to outside the cell. Digestive enzymes released into mouth.
Elimination
the final removal of the substance out of the body.
Nitrogen Wastes
Excess proteins can’t be stored in large amounts. the reason for this is that the protein molecule is made up of amino acids that contain nitrogen in the amino group (NH2). this amino group containing the nitrogen must be removed from the amino acid. this process is called deamination and occurs in the liver. the byproduct from this process is ammonia (NH3)ammonia is TOXIC and is also water soluble. the liver works to get rid of the ammonia. two molecules of ammonia combine with another waste product, CO2, to form urea
CO(NH2) 2 and/or another substance uric acid C5H4N4O3. urea remains soluble and is not harmful to cells. uric acid is almost an insoluble crystal and is not very toxic in this form. urea is soluble in water; which means we need water to excrete it
Kidney stones
Solid crystal aggregation that forms in the kidney. Calcium oxalate and uric acid.
Parts of the Excretory System
-lungs (carbon dioxide, water)
-skin (water, salts)
-kidneys (major organ)
-bladder (storage)
Kidneys
The kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing wastes and excess water from the body, and by maintaining pH of blood.
The Digestive System Needs…
Fiber, water, minerals such as Ca, Mg, K, and Na to help with smooth muscle contraction.
The Excretory System Needs…
water, minerals such as Mg, K, and Na.
Colorectal Cancer
a disease in which cells in the colon or rectum become abnormal and divide without control forming masses called tumors. Symptoms are blood in stool, change in bowel habits, frequent or constant cramps, narrow stools, stomach discomfort, weight loss.
Fecal Occult Blood Test
to check for hidden blood in fecal material.
Colonoscopy
Rectum and colon are examined using a lighted colonoscope. Can biopsy or remove polyps (growths) found. Cleansing of colon and mild sedation needed.
Virtual Colonoscopy
Cleansing of colon (may use air to inflate). A CT scanner takes cross section x-rays and puts together to form 3D image. If abnormalities occur a regular colonoscopy will be done.
Double Contrast Barium Enema
Cleaning of colon is necessary. Air is used to inflate colon. x-rays of the colon and rectum are taken after a liquid containing barium sulfate is put into the rectum.
What do we digest?
Proteins. Broken down into component amino acids. Carbs are broken down into simple carbs. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. All are absorbed into bloodstream through small intestine.
Fatty Acids
Broken down in the liver to produce acetic acid.
Acetone
Produced when the body lacks glucose. Smells like alcohol.
Importance of Carbs
Main source of energy
Importance of Lipids
Used for cushioning organs. Stores energy for later use.
Importance of Proteins
Cell repair, structural and functional.
