Unit 2 Terms Flashcards
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
Toward the head or upper end of the body; above.
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below.
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the backside of the body; behind.
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
Proximal
Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment from a limb to the body trunk.
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body structure.
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal.
Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane that passes through the body splitting it into left and right.
Transverse Plane
A horizontal plane that passes through the body splitting the top and bottom.
Frontal Plane
A vertical plane that passes through the body splitting the front and back.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The cavity that houses the abdomen and pelvis.
Thoracic Cavity
The cavity that houses the heart and lungs.
Cranial Cavity
The cavity that houses the brain.
Functions of Bones
- Support
- Protection
3.Movement - Storage
- Blood cell formation
Process of healing a fracture
- Hematoma forms
- Fibrocartilage callus forms
- Bony callus forms
- Bone remodeling occurs
Skull bones
Cranium, facial
They are interlocking/immovable except for jaw.
Vertebral Bones
Cervical (7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5), sacral, coccyx
Pelvic Girdle Bones
consists of 2 Coccyx bones
Thoracic Bones
clavicle, ribs, sternum, true ribs
Limb bones
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals
X-ray
a photon (bundle of energy) which is without mass and has no charge. Is produced by propelling an electron toward a target.
How does an x-ray work?
- Electrons are exposed to large potential difference (voltage). They gain so much NRG that potential becomes kinetic.
- They move rapidly toward the target and collide with a metal plate. The rapid loss of velocity release x-rays.
3.X-rays pass through the body, and an image of what they pass through is recorded.
Attenuation
When x-rays don’t pass through the medium. The greater the attenuation the brighter the bone.
CT Scan
Takes multiple x-rays getting a cross section of the body.Is a 3d image. Helps to detect cancer and bone fragements.
Properties of muscle cells
- Excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
Functions of Muscles
Movement, stability, generate heat, protect organs, moves substances (food)
Skeletal Muscles
Attached to bone. Voluntary movement but can be reflexive. Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells, striated, responds quickly but tired easily.
Fascicle
Thousands of fibres held together by tissue. Many fascicles make up a muscle.
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, no striations, found in the walls of hollow organs (stomach, bladder), lines passageways, contracts slow and smooth, single nucleus, two types are cylindrical and longitudinal, they take turns contracting to move the substance through the organ.
Cardiac Muscles
Only found in heart, involuntary, striated, spiral or figure 8 shaped, contraction causes heart chambers to become smaller moving blood, one nucleus, contractions are controlled by pacemaker.
Thorax Muscles
Pectoralis
Rhomboids
Latissimus Dorsi
Abdominal Muscles
Rectus abdominis
External obliques
Internal obliques
Transverse Abdominals
Shoulder Muscles
Trapezius
Deltoid
Arm Muscles
Tricep
Bicep
Leg Muscles
Glutes
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Tendon
a tough fibre that attaches muscle to bone
Ligament
a tough fibre that attaches bones together
Joint
the point at which two bones meet, (not all bones have joints)
Pathology
the study of the essential nature of diseases and the structural and functional changes produced by them
Pathological disorder
disruptors of the normal functions of organs of the body due to disease, illness, or damage.
Homeostasis
the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable conditions, though the outside environment is always changing.
