Unit 3 terms Flashcards
Established in 1816 after the first national bank’s charter expired; it stabilized the economy by creating a sound national currency, by making loans to farmers, small manufacturers, and entrepreneurs, and by regulating the ability of state banks to issue their own paper currency.
Second Bank of the United States (B.U.S)
A cluster of taxes on imports passed by Congress to protect America’s emerging iron and textile industries from British competition
Tariff of 1816
Construction of roads, bridges, roads, canals, harbors, and other infrastructure projects intended to facilitate the flow of goods and people
Internal Improvements
Supreme court ruling that enlarged the definition of contract to put corporations beyond the reach of the states that chartered them
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Supreme Court ruling that prohibited states from taxing the Bank of the United States
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Supreme Court case that gave the federal government the power to regulate interstate commerce
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
economic plan championed by Henry Clay of Kentucky that called for federal tariffs on imports, a strong national bank, and federally financed internal improvements—roads, bridges, canals—all intended to strengthen the national economy and end American dependence on Great Britain
American System
A financial panic that began a three-year-long economic crisis triggered by a reduced demand of American imports, declining land values, and reckless practices by local and state banks.
Panic of 1819
Legislative decision to admit Missouri as a slave state and abolish slavery in the area west of the Mississippi River and north of the parallel 36°30.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Treaty between Spain and the United States that clarified the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase and arranged the transfer of Florida to the United States in exchange for cash.
Transcontinental Treaty (1819) (Adams-On’s Treaty)
U.S. foreign policy that barred further colonization in the Western Hemisphere by European powers and pledged that there would be no American interference with any existing European colonies
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Scandal in which presidential candidate and Speaker of the House Henry Clay secured John Quincy Adams’s victory over Andrew Jackson in the 1824 election, supposedly in exchange for Clay being named secretary of state.
corrupt bargain
Bitter presidential contest between Democrat Andrew Jackson and National Republican John Quincy Adams (running for reelection), resulting in Jackson’s victory.
election campaign of 1828
Law permitting the forced relocation of Indians to federal lands west of the Mississippi River in exchange for the land they occupied in the East and South
Indian Removal Act (1830)
The Cherokees’ 800-mile journey from the southern Appalachians to Indian Territory (in present-day Oklahoma); 4,000 people died along the way.
Trail of Tears (1832–1840)
Political struggle in the early 1830s between President Jackson and financier Nicholas Biddle over the renewing of the Second Bank’s charter.
Bank War
Tax on imported goods, including British cloth and clothing, that strengthened New England textile companies but hurt southern consumers, who experienced a decrease in British demand for raw cotton grown in the South.
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
The right claimed by some states to veto a federal law deemed unconstitutional.
nullification
Legislation, sparked by the Nullification Crisis in South Carolina, that authorized the president’s use of the army to compel states to comply with federal law.
Force Bill (1833)
Another name for revolutionary Patriots
Whigs
Law requiring the distribution of the federal budget surplus to the states, creating chaos among state banks that had become dependent on such federal funds.
Distribution Act (1836)
A financial calamity in the United States brought on by a dramatic slowdown in the British economy and falling cotton prices, failed crops, high inflation, and reckless state banks
Panic of 1837
System created by President Martin Van Buren and approved by Congress in 1840 whereby the federal government moved its funds from favored state banks to the U.S. Treasury, whose financial transactions could only be in gold or silver coins or paper currency backed by gold or silver
Independent Treasury Act (1840)
The political party system in the United States between 1828 and 1854, consisting of Andrew Jackson’s Democratic Party and Henry Clay’s Whig Party. The first two party system consisted of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican Parties.
second two-party system
A phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word slavery.
peculiar institution
Region covering western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, where low land prices and fertile soil attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers after the American Revolution.
Old Southwest
Cotton-producing region, relying predominantly on slave labor, that spanned from North Carolina west to Louisiana and reached as far north as southern Illinois.
Cotton Kingdom
Owners of large farms in the South that were worked by twenty or more slaves and supervised by overseers
planters
Matriarch of a planter’s household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate
plantation mistress
Yeoman farmers who lived and worked on their own small farms, growing food and cash crops to trade for necessities
plain white folk
Ordinances passed by a colony or state to regulate the behavior of slaves, often including brutal punishments for infractions.
slave codes
Mixed-race people who constituted most of the South’s free black population
mulattoes
Slaves who toiled in the cotton or cane fields in organized work gangs.
field hands
Songs with religious messages sung by slaves to help ease the strain of field labor and to voice their suffering at the hands of their masters and overseers.
spirituals
Insurrection in rural Virginia led by black overseer Nat Turner, who killed slave owners and their families; in turn, federal troops indiscriminately killed hundreds of slaves in the process of putting down Turner and his rebels.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
Members of the liberal New England Congregationalist offshoot, often well-educated and wealthy, who profess the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man
Unitarians
Members of a New England religious movement, often from the working class, who believed in a merciful God and universal salvation.
Universalists
Religious revival movement that arose in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; spurred the growth of the Baptist and Methodist churches
Second Great Awakening
Religious revival movement within the Second Great Awakening, that took place in frontier churches in western territories and states in the early nineteenth century
frontier revivals
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which dismissed other Christian denominations, emphasizing universal salvation and a modest lifestyle; Mormons were often persecuted for their secrecy and clannishness
Mormons
Philosophy of a small group of New England writers and thinkers who advocated personal spirituality, self-reliance, social reform, and harmony with nature.
transcendentalism
A widespread reform movement, led by militant Christians, focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages
temperance
A pervasive nineteenth-century ideology that urged women to celebrate their role as manager of the household and nurturer of the children.
cult of domesticity
Convention organized by feminists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to promote women’s rights and issue the pathbreaking Declaration of Sentiments.
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Document based on the Declaration of Independence that called for gender equality, written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and signed by Seneca Falls Convention delegates in 1848
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
Ideal communities that offered innovative social and economic relationships to those who were interested in achieving salvation.
utopian communities
Established in 1817, an organization whose mission was to return freed slaves to Africa.
American Colonization Society
In the early 1830s, the anti-slavery movement shifted its goal from the gradual end of slavery to the immediate end or abolition of slavery.
abolition
A secret system of routes and safe houses through which runaway slaves were led to freedom in the North
Underground Railroad
