Unit 3 terms

Question 1

Established in 1816 after the first national bank’s charter expired; it stabilized the economy by creating a sound national currency, by making loans to farmers, small manufacturers, and entrepreneurs, and by regulating the ability of state banks to issue their own paper currency.

Answer 1

Second Bank of the United States (B.U.S)

Question 2

A cluster of taxes on imports passed by Congress to protect America’s emerging iron and textile industries from British competition

Answer 2

Tariff of 1816

Question 3

Construction of roads, bridges, roads, canals, harbors, and other infrastructure projects intended to facilitate the flow of goods and people

Answer 3

Internal Improvements

Question 4

Supreme court ruling that enlarged the definition of contract to put corporations beyond the reach of the states that chartered them

Answer 4

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Question 5

Supreme Court ruling that prohibited states from taxing the Bank of the United States

Answer 5

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Question 6

Supreme Court case that gave the federal government the power to regulate interstate commerce

Answer 6

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Question 7

economic plan championed by Henry Clay of Kentucky that called for federal tariffs on imports, a strong national bank, and federally financed internal improvements—roads, bridges, canals—all intended to strengthen the national economy and end American dependence on Great Britain

Answer 7

American System

Question 8

A financial panic that began a three-year-long economic crisis triggered by a reduced demand of American imports, declining land values, and reckless practices by local and state banks.

Answer 8

Panic of 1819

Question 9

Legislative decision to admit Missouri as a slave state and abolish slavery in the area west of the Mississippi River and north of the parallel 36°30.

Answer 9

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Question 10

Treaty between Spain and the United States that clarified the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase and arranged the transfer of Florida to the United States in exchange for cash.

Answer 10

Transcontinental Treaty (1819) (Adams-On’s Treaty)

Question 11

U.S. foreign policy that barred further colonization in the Western Hemisphere by European powers and pledged that there would be no American interference with any existing European colonies

Answer 11

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Question 12

Scandal in which presidential candidate and Speaker of the House Henry Clay secured John Quincy Adams’s victory over Andrew Jackson in the 1824 election, supposedly in exchange for Clay being named secretary of state.

Answer 12

corrupt bargain

Question 13

Bitter presidential contest between Democrat Andrew Jackson and National Republican John Quincy Adams (running for reelection), resulting in Jackson’s victory.

Answer 13

election campaign of 1828

Question 14

Law permitting the forced relocation of Indians to federal lands west of the Mississippi River in exchange for the land they occupied in the East and South

Answer 14

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Question 15

The Cherokees’ 800-mile journey from the southern Appalachians to Indian Territory (in present-day Oklahoma); 4,000 people died along the way.

Answer 15

Trail of Tears (1832–1840)

Question 16

Political struggle in the early 1830s between President Jackson and financier Nicholas Biddle over the renewing of the Second Bank’s charter.

Answer 16

Bank War

Question 17

Tax on imported goods, including British cloth and clothing, that strengthened New England textile companies but hurt southern consumers, who experienced a decrease in British demand for raw cotton grown in the South.

Answer 17

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Question 18

The right claimed by some states to veto a federal law deemed unconstitutional.

Answer 18

nullification

Question 19

Legislation, sparked by the Nullification Crisis in South Carolina, that authorized the president’s use of the army to compel states to comply with federal law.

Answer 19

Force Bill (1833)

Question 20

Another name for revolutionary Patriots

Answer 20

Whigs

Question 21

Law requiring the distribution of the federal budget surplus to the states, creating chaos among state banks that had become dependent on such federal funds.

Answer 21

Distribution Act (1836)

Question 22

A financial calamity in the United States brought on by a dramatic slowdown in the British economy and falling cotton prices, failed crops, high inflation, and reckless state banks

Answer 22

Panic of 1837

Question 23

System created by President Martin Van Buren and approved by Congress in 1840 whereby the federal government moved its funds from favored state banks to the U.S. Treasury, whose financial transactions could only be in gold or silver coins or paper currency backed by gold or silver

Answer 23

Independent Treasury Act (1840)

Question 24

The political party system in the United States between 1828 and 1854, consisting of Andrew Jackson’s Democratic Party and Henry Clay’s Whig Party. The first two party system consisted of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican Parties.

Answer 24

second two-party system

Question 25

A phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word slavery.

Answer 25

peculiar institution

Question 26

Region covering western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, where low land prices and fertile soil attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers after the American Revolution.

Answer 26

Old Southwest

Question 27

Cotton-producing region, relying predominantly on slave labor, that spanned from North Carolina west to Louisiana and reached as far north as southern Illinois.

Answer 27

Cotton Kingdom

Question 28

Owners of large farms in the South that were worked by twenty or more slaves and supervised by overseers

Answer 28

planters

Question 29

Matriarch of a planter’s household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate

Answer 29

plantation mistress

Question 30

Yeoman farmers who lived and worked on their own small farms, growing food and cash crops to trade for necessities

Answer 30

plain white folk

Question 31

Ordinances passed by a colony or state to regulate the behavior of slaves, often including brutal punishments for infractions.

Answer 31

slave codes

Question 32

Mixed-race people who constituted most of the South’s free black population

Answer 32

mulattoes

Question 33

Slaves who toiled in the cotton or cane fields in organized work gangs.

Answer 33

field hands

Question 34

Songs with religious messages sung by slaves to help ease the strain of field labor and to voice their suffering at the hands of their masters and overseers.

Answer 34

spirituals

Question 35

Insurrection in rural Virginia led by black overseer Nat Turner, who killed slave owners and their families; in turn, federal troops indiscriminately killed hundreds of slaves in the process of putting down Turner and his rebels.

Answer 35

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Question 36

Members of the liberal New England Congregationalist offshoot, often well-educated and wealthy, who profess the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man

Answer 36

Unitarians

Question 37

Members of a New England religious movement, often from the working class, who believed in a merciful God and universal salvation.

Answer 37

Universalists

Question 38

Religious revival movement that arose in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; spurred the growth of the Baptist and Methodist churches

Answer 38

Second Great Awakening

Question 39

Religious revival movement within the Second Great Awakening, that took place in frontier churches in western territories and states in the early nineteenth century

Answer 39

frontier revivals

Question 40

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which dismissed other Christian denominations, emphasizing universal salvation and a modest lifestyle; Mormons were often persecuted for their secrecy and clannishness

Answer 40

Mormons

Question 41

Philosophy of a small group of New England writers and thinkers who advocated personal spirituality, self-reliance, social reform, and harmony with nature.

Answer 41

transcendentalism

Question 42

A widespread reform movement, led by militant Christians, focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages

Answer 42

temperance

Question 43

A pervasive nineteenth-century ideology that urged women to celebrate their role as manager of the household and nurturer of the children.

Answer 43

cult of domesticity

Question 44

Convention organized by feminists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to promote women’s rights and issue the pathbreaking Declaration of Sentiments.

Answer 44

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Question 45

Document based on the Declaration of Independence that called for gender equality, written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and signed by Seneca Falls Convention delegates in 1848

Answer 45

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

Question 46

Ideal communities that offered innovative social and economic relationships to those who were interested in achieving salvation.

Answer 46

utopian communities

Question 47

Established in 1817, an organization whose mission was to return freed slaves to Africa.

Answer 47

American Colonization Society

Question 48

In the early 1830s, the anti-slavery movement shifted its goal from the gradual end of slavery to the immediate end or abolition of slavery.

Answer 48

abolition

Question 49

A secret system of routes and safe houses through which runaway slaves were led to freedom in the North

Answer 49

Underground Railroad