unit 2 key terms Flashcards
The British hired foreign/German soldiers to serve in British armies. Most were from the German state of hesse-cassel
Hessians
Primarily civilians summoned from their homes to fight in the armies-this helped the patriots to create an army with little money-many were unreliable and ungovernable
Citizen Soldiers (militiamen)
The patriots ambush against the British after crossing into New Jersey in the middle of the night of Christmas 1776. The patriots surprised 1500 sleeping hessians. Only two of Washingtons men were killed and some 900 hessians were captured
Battle of Trenton
Led by General Burgoyne on the British side, and General Horatio Gates on the American side, the three week long battles, the British tried to break through the Americans twice and failed. On October 17, 1777 Burgoyne surrenders his outnumbered army and handed over troops and weapons to the patriots.
Battles of Saratoga
The American victory at Saratoga convince the French to sign two crucial treaties- crafted by ben franklin in Paris. Both parties agreed that both countries would continue to fight until the states won the war, no peace treaty would be signed with the British, and each would guarantee the others possessions in America. The French also agreed no to seek possessions from Canada or Britain.
Alliance with France
-Near Philadelphia
George Washingtons army of 12,000 patriots suffered intensely. Many soldiers left hungry, cold and without shoes or blankets. More than 2,500 soldiers died and another 1,000 deserted.
Valley Forge
Began Sept 28 1781, The American and French troops closed off the British last escape route in the Chesapeake bay and began bombarding the British with cannons. The British held out for three weeks before running out of food and suffering from widespread disease. By October 17, 1781, the British soldiers marched out of their trenches and laid down their weapons.
Battle of Yorktown
American revolutionaries embraced a representative democracy instead of the aristocratic or monarchial outlook that had long dominated Europe. In which property holding white men governed themselves through the concept of _______ whereby they elected representatives to make key decisions
Republican Ideology
The war for independence sparked a wave of new______ that remains unique in history. Revolutionary leaders believed that they must protect the rights of individuals and states from being violated by the national government. Limiting the powers of the government so as to protect the rights of the people.
State Constitutions
When the______ were finally ratified in March 1781, they essentially legalized the way things had been operating since Independence had been declared.
Articles of confederation
Declared that “no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever” and “that all men shall be free to profess and by argument to maintain their opinions in matter of religion”. These statutes, helped shape the course that religious life would take in the new Unite states- diverse and voluntary rather than monolithic and enforced by the government.
Virginia statute of Religious Freedom
The sharing of power among national, state, and local government.
Federalism
the ____ of 1787 set forth two key principles to better manage western expansion: the new western territories would not be treated as subordinate colonies as was the European tradition; and slavery would be banned from the region north of the Ohio river. Also included a promise, which would be rapidly broken, that Indian lands shall never be taken from them without their consent.
Northwest Ordinance
Shays and his followers demanded that states issues paper currency to help ease the payment of debts and the right to postpone paying taxes until the postwar agricultural depression lifted.
Shays rebellion
Opponents of the Constitution- wanted to start over or revise the proposed constitution. Wanted it to read “we the states” instead of “we the people” . Most ______ feared that the new government would eventually grow corrupt and tyrannical. They also criticized the absence of a Bill of Rights to protect individuals and states from the growing power of the national government.
Anti-Federalists
The debate over the Constitution______, a collection of 85 essays published in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788. Written by James Madison, alexander Hamilton, and john jay, the essays defended the concept of a strong national government and outlined the major principles and assumptions embodied in the Constitution.
The Federalist Papers
A set of constitutional amendments intended to protect individual rights approved by three-fourths of the states by the end of 1789
Bill of Rights
Read chapter 6 page 300
Bank of the United States
In July 1789, violence erupted in France when masses of the working poor, enraged over soaring prices for bread, revolted against the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. The ______ captured the imagination of many Americans including Jefferson and the democratic republicans, as royal tyranny was displaced by a democratic republic that gave voting rights to all adult men regardless of how much property they owned.
French revolution
Wildly unpopular treaty between the Americas and Britian that deepened the division between federalists and republicans.
Jay’s Treaty
In 1798, Congress passed the _______ with the support of the Adams Administration. The Act granted the President unilateral authority to deport non-citizens who were subjects of foreign enemies. The Act attacked the core of free speech and a free press—the right to criticize the government. They limited freedom of speech and of press, as well as the liberty of “aliens.
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
Jefferson wanted to set the tone for his administration. He wanted the Americans to notice the difference between the monarchial style of the federalists and the frugality of the republicans. As president, he did not wear fancy clothes or host elegant parties. No formality when greeting guests of the white house.
Republican simplicity
was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review1234. The court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, declared an act of Congress unconstitutional for the first time, thus asserting the power of courts to strike down laws and statutes that violate the U.S. Constitution1234. The case is considered one of the foundations of U.S. constitutional law14.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
In 1801, the____ upped their usual blackmail of the US and declared war on the U.S. Jefferson sent war ships to blockade Tripoli(the leader) and a sporadic naval war dragged on until 1805.( Philadelphia’s crew blackmail)
Barbary pirates
The most significant event of Jeffersons presidency and one of the most important developments in American history. Spurred western exploration and expansion, enticed cotton growers to settle in the old southwest-Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Spanned from Louisiana to Minnesota and west to Montana.
Louisiana purchase
Scientific expedition to the most practicable water communication across this continent. To learn more about the Louisiana territory geography, plants and animals as well as prospects for trade and agriculture.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Marked the first time that congress had declared war. Great Britian was preoccupied with defeating Napolean in Europe and on June 16th, it had promised to quit interfering with American shipping. President Maddison and the republicans believed only war would end the practice of impressment and stop British inspired Indian attacks along the Western frontier.
The War of 1812
An attempt to form alliances with other Native American nations that went up in smoke, and caused the started to flee to Canada. What become the battle of Tippecanoe was a disastrous defeat for the Native Americans as Harrison’s troops burned the village
Tecumesh’s Indian Confederacy
Page 360
Battle of New Orleans
was a secret gathering of New England Federalists in 1814-15, who opposed the War of 1812 and the dominance of the South in national politics.
Hartford Convention
As the 19th century unfolded, many farmers began growing crops for commercial rather than subsistence use. Such farming for sale rather than for consumption, the first stage of a _____ produced boom-and-bust cycles and was often built on the backs of slaves, immigrant workers and displaced Mexicans.
Market-based economy
The difficulties in getting up river were solved by Robert Fulton and Robert R Livingston. The use of_____ spread rapidly, opening nearly half the continent to water traffic along the major rivers
Steamboats
the ____ in central New York connected the Great Lakes and the Midwest to the Hudson River and new York city. Sped the market revolution. took 8 years to build and drew eastward much of the midwestern trade (furs, lumber, textiles). The backwoods village of Chicago developed into a bustling city due to its commercial connection to the great lakes.
Erie Canal
The_____ quickly surpassed other forms of transportation because they could move people and freight faster, farther and cheaper.
Railroads
The 19th century equivalent of the supersonic jetliner. Twice as fast as the older merchant ships . Thirst for chinease tea prompted the use of these.
Clipper Ships
Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse. In may 1844, the first____ was sent from Washington DC to Baltimore Maryland.
Telegraph system
Page 385
Industrialization
The dominate force driving both the national economy and the controversial efforts to expand slavery into the western territories. Also known as white gold, brought enormous wealth to southern planters and merchants.
Cotton
Page 388
McCormick reapers
People born in the Unites States who resented the newcomers . They sought to restrict or stop immigration. Eventually organized to stop the tide of immigrants
Nativists
Informal name for the Order of the Star-spangled Banner. Members pledged never to vote for foreign born people or Catholics.
Know-Nothings
Formed to organize local trade unions into a stronger national association.
National Trades union
Henry Day declared that the most important social functions in modern life were the______ and claimed that society had become utterly dependent on them.
Professions
