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Chemistry > Unit 3: Section 2: Alkanes and Halogenoalkanes > Flashcards

Unit 3: Section 2: Alkanes and Halogenoalkanes Flashcards

1
Q

What is petroleum

A

A mixture consisting mainly of alkane hydrocarbons that can be separated by fractional distillation

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2
Q

What does saturated mean

A

When an alkane consists of single bonds exclusively

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3
Q

What is the purpose of fractional distillation

A

Separates liquids with different boiling points

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4
Q

What are the 6 fractions in a fractional distillation (in order)

A

Natural gases
Petrol
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel
Bitumen

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5
Q

What happens to the physical properties of the hydrocarbon if the carbon chain gets longer

A

Becomes:
- more viscous
- harder to ignite
- less volatile

And has higher boiling points

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6
Q

What does volatile mean

A

How easily a substance will evaporate

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7
Q

What does viscous mean

A

How easy it is to poor a liquid

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8
Q

Why does the physical properties change as the carbon chain of an alkane increases

A

Larger carbon chains have stronger van der Waal’s forces between molecules due to the size of the molecule

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9
Q

Describe the supply and demand of long chain hydrocarbons

A

In high supply and low demand

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10
Q

What are the two methods to converting long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons

A

Catalytic cracking
Thermal cracking

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11
Q

What are the conditions of thermal cracking

A

900 degrees celcius
70 atm
No catalyst

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12
Q

What are the products of thermal cracking

A

Alkenes

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13
Q

What are the conditions of catalytic cracking

A

450 degrees celcius
1-2 atm
Zeolite catalyst

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14
Q

What are the products of catalytic cracking

A

Motor fuels (aromatics, cyclic alkanes, branched alkanes)

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15
Q

What are zeolites made of

A

Aliminum dioxide
Silicon dioxide

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16
Q

What is the use of natural gases

A

Liquified petroleum gas, camping gas

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17
Q

What is the use of Naphtha

A

Processed to make petrochemicals

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18
Q

What are the uses for kerosene

A

Jet fuel, petro chemicals, central heating fuel

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19
Q

What are the uses for diesel

A

Fuel, central heating fuel

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20
Q

What is the use for mineral oil

A

Lubricating oil

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21
Q

What is the use of bitumen

A

Roofing, road surfacing

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22
Q

What products will you get if you burn alkanes with plenty of oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide
Water

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23
Q

What is complete combustion

A

When you oxidise something and you get carbon dioxide and water

24
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

Not enough oxygen for complete combustion
So you get carbon (soot) and carbon monoxide instead of or as well as carbon dioxide

25
Q

Why do you not want carbon monoxide as a product

A

It’s poisonous

26
Q

Why is cabon monoxide posionous

A

Bind to the same sites on haemoglobin molecules as oxygen molecules do so the body doesn’t get enough oxygen

27
Q

What is the general formula for nitrogen oxides

A

NOx

28
Q

Where is nitrogen monoxide produced

A

In a car engine
High pressure and temperature causes the nitrogen and oxygen atoms from the air to react together

29
Q

What is the equation for the formation of nitrogen monoxide

A

N2(g) + O2(g) -> 2NO(g)

30
Q

What is the equation for the formation of nitrogen dioxide

A

2NO(g) + O2(g) -> 2NO2(g)

31
Q

What happens to the molecules that don’t get burnt in a car engine

A

Come out as unburnt hydrocarbons
Then react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone (O3)

32
Q

What is wrong with ground level ozone

A

Irritates people’s eyes
Aggravates respiratory problems
Causes lung damage

33
Q

How does sulfur dioxide form

A

Fossil fuels contain sulfur
When they are burnt the sulfur reacts to form sulfur dioxide gas (SO2)

34
Q

What happens if sulfuric acid gets in the atmoshphere

A

Dissolves in moisture
Converted into sulfuric acid

35
Q

What is the problem with acid rain

A

Destroys trees and vegetation
Corrodes buildings and statues
Kills fish in lakes

36
Q

Why does burning fossil fuels contribute to global warming

A

Produces greenhouse gases
When they are in the atmosphere they are good at absorbing infrared energy
Emit some energy back towards the Earth
Increase concentration of greenhouse gases cause the Earth’s temperature to increase

37
Q

What do curly arrows show

A

The movement of a pair of electrons

38
Q

What are the three types of curly arrows

A

Bond making arrow
Bond breaking arrow
Bond transfer arrow

39
Q

What is a bond making arrow

A

When a pair of electrons are attracted to a positive atom

40
Q

What is a bond breaking arrow

A

An atom is about to have or does have too many bonds so it will break one

41
Q

What is a bond transfer arrow

A

Happens when a pair of electrons in a bond need to break the bond but cannot do so and form stable products

42
Q

What happens when a halogen reacts with alkanes in photochemical reactions

A

They are form halogenoalkanes

43
Q

What are photochemical reactions

A

Reactions started by UV light

44
Q

What is a free radical

A

A free raidcal is any chemica with an unpaired electron
They’re very reactive

45
Q

Explain how halogen free radicals can be generated

A

Mixing halogen with UV light
Light gives energy to breakt he bond - therefore UV light is a condition of the reaction

46
Q

How is CO2 formed

A

Complete combustion of fuels containing C

47
Q

How is CO formed

A

Incomplete combustion of fuels containing C

48
Q

How is C (soot) formed

A

Incomplete combustion of fuels containing C

49
Q

How is H20 formed

A

Combustion of fuels contraining H

50
Q

How is SO2 formed

A

Combustion of S containing compounds in fuel

51
Q

How is NOx (NO, NO2) formed

A

Reaction N2 in the air with O2 in the air at very high temperatures (in engines & furnaces)

52
Q

How are unburned hydrocarbons formed

A

Some of the fuel may not actually burn

53
Q

What are the problems caused by CO2 and what are ways to reduce it

A

Greenhouse gas
Burn less fossil fuels

54
Q

What are the problems caused by CO and what are ways to reduce it

A

Toxic
Ensure a good supply of oxygen when burning fuels

55
Q

What are the problems caused by C (soot) and what are ways to reduce it

A

Blackens buildings, can cause respiratory problems, global dimming
Ensure a good supply of oxygen when burning fuels

56
Q
A

Chemistry (10 decks)

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