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Chemistry > Unit 3: Section 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 3: Section 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional group of a molecule

A

The group of molecules that’s responsible for its characteristic reactions

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2
Q

What are the functional groups of alcohols, carboxylic acids and alkenes

A

-OH = alchohols
-COOH = carboxylic acids
C=C = alkenes

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3
Q

How many bonds does carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms have

A

Carbon = four bonds
Hydrogen = one bond
Oxygen = two bonds

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4
Q

What do molecular formulas give you

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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5
Q

What do structural formulas give you

A

The atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

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6
Q

What is a general formula

A

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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7
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A family of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula

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8
Q

What is skeletal formula

A

You don’t show the carbon or hydrogen bonds but you just write down the elements that isn’t any of those two elements

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9
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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10
Q

What do alkanes consist of

A

Exclusively carbon and hydrogen

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11
Q

What is a halogenoalkanes

A

An alkane but one of the hydrogens are replaced by a halogen

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12
Q

What is the prefix for halogenoalkanes

A

Fluoro-
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

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13
Q

What is a cycloalkane

A

Have a ring of carbons with two hydrogen attached to each one

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14
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkane

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

What is a branched alkane

A

An alkane that doesn’t have all the carbon atoms in one straight chain

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16
Q

What are the branched carbons in a branched alkane called

A

Alkyl groups

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17
Q

What is an alkene

A

A hydrocarbon with a double double carbon bond

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18
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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19
Q

Why are alkenes reactive

A

Because they only have 3 bonds so they can form another bond to become saturated

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20
Q

What are alcohols

A

Organic molecules that contain the -OH functional group

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21
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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22
Q

What is an aldehyde

A

One of the end carbons has a double bond to an oxygen atom and single bond to a hydrogen atom

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23
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes

A

-al (e.g. propanal)

24
Q

What is the general formula for aldehydes

A

R-CHO

25
Q

What is a ketone

A

Where one of the carbon atoms (not the one on the ends) have a double bond with an oxygen atom

26
Q

What is the general formula for a ketone

A

R-CO-R

27
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes

A

-ane (e.g. pentane)

28
Q

What is the name of this compound

A

Longest continous chain of carbons is 4 so it is butane
One side chain of carbon it’s a methyl group
It’s joined to the 2nd carbon on the chain so it’s a 2-methyl group
2-methylbutane

29
Q

If there are 2 methyl groups attached to different carbons in the stem what is that called

A

Dimethyl

30
Q

If a cyclo group’s carbon ring has 5 carbons what do you call it

A

Cyclopentane

31
Q

What is the name of this compound

A

There is a double bond so it’s an alkene
the double bond is on the first carbon so it’s but-1-ene

32
Q

What are the list of the functional groups in order of lowest priority to highest prority

A

Halogens
Alkyl groups
Alkenes
Other functionol groups

33
Q

What are mechanisms

A

They break reactions down into a sequence of stages

34
Q

What do curly arrows do

A

The arrow starts at the bond or lone pair where the electrons are at the beginning of the step
The arrow points to where the new bond is formed at the end of the step

35
Q

What is a structural isomer

A

Have the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula

36
Q

What are three types of structural isomers

A

Chain isomers
Position isomers
Functional group isomers

37
Q

What are chain isomers

A

Have the same functional groups but different arrangements of the carbon skeleton

38
Q

What are position isomers

A

Have the same skeleton and the same atoms but the atoms or groups of atoms are attached to different carbon atoms

39
Q

What is a functional group isomer

A

Have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups

40
Q

What is a stereoisomer

A

Have the same structural formula but their atoms are arranged differently in space

41
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomer

A

E isomer
Z isomer

42
Q

Where are E/Z isomers found

A

In compounds with carbon carbon double bonds

43
Q

What is the rotation like in a carbon carbon double bond

A

There is no rotation

44
Q

What is an E-isomer

A

The two highest priority bonds are on the different levels of the molecule

45
Q

What is a Z-isomer

A

The two highest prority bonds are on the same levels of the molecule

46
Q

How do you assign prority to an atoms bonded to a C=C

A

The atom with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given the higher priority

47
Q

What are geometric isomers

A

Molecules that have the same structural formula but have a different arrangement around a non-rotational bond

48
Q

What are optical isomers

A

Molecules that have the same structural formula but have a different arrangement of atoms around chiral carbons or have a non-superimposable mirror image

49
Q

What is an enantiomer

A

One of a pair of optical isomers

50
Q

What is a racemic mixture

A

A 50:50 mix of enantiomers

51
Q

What is a chiral molecule

A

A molecule with no plane of symmetry

52
Q

What is a chiral carbon

A

A carbon atom with four different atoms or groups attached

53
Q

What does optically active mean and what type of compound does it apply to

A

Can affect the orientation of light
Applies to chiral compounds

54
Q

What is the test for optical isomers

A

To shine plane polarised light that will be rotated in equal and opposite directions by each enantiomer
The rotation is measured by a polarimeter

55
Q

What happens if you test racemic mixtures for optical isomers

A

Will not rotate as each enantiomer will rotate plane polarised light in equal and opposite directions

Chemistry (10 decks)

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