Unit 3: section 1 - introduction to organic chemistry MDY *

Question 1

what is a homologous series?

Answer 1

a group of compounds that contain the same functional group and have the same general formula

Question 2

what differs between successive members of a homologous series?

Answer 2

a CH2 group

Question 3

what are the main homologous series and their prefixes/ suffixes? (14)

Answer 3

alkanes = -ane
branched alkanes = alkyl-
alkenes = -ene
halogenoalkanes = fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
alcohols = -ol
aldehydes = -al
ketones = -one
carboxylic acids = -oic acid
esters = alkyl- -oate
amines = -amine
amides = -amide
acyl chlorides = -oyl chloride
cycloalkanes = cyclo- -ane
arenes = -benzene (phenyl-)

Question 4

how do you find the stem of a hydrocarbon?

Answer 4

count the number of carbons in the longest carbon chain
1 = meth-
2 = eth-
3 = prop-
4 = but-
5 = pent-
6= hex-

Question 5

how to give a hydrocarbon its suffix:

Answer 5

look at the main functional group and add the suffix of that functional group to the end. number the carbons in the carbon chain so the functional group has the lowest number

Question 6

how to give a hydrocarbon its preffix:

Answer 6

side chains or less important functional groups are added as prefixes and are listed in alphabetical order

Question 7

how to name a hydrocarbon if it has multiple side chains or functional groups?

Answer 7

use:
di - 2
tri - 3
tetra - 4

Question 8

what is the IUPAC system?

Answer 8

the system for naming organic compounds, its the agreed international language of chemistry. this means scientists can communicate across the globe

Question 9

what does a curly arrow show in a reaction?

Answer 9

they show where a pair of electrons goes during a reaction
it starts at the bond or lone pair where the electrons are at the beginning of the reaction
it points to where the new bond is formed at the end of the reaction

Question 10

what are isomers?

Answer 10

molecules with the same molecular formula but with the atoms arranged differently

Question 11

what are the 2 types of isomers?

Answer 11

structural isomers

stereo isomers

Question 12

what are the 3 types of structural formula?

Answer 12

chain isomers
positional isomers
functional group isomers

Question 13

what are chain isomers?

Answer 13

they have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton. some are straight chains and others are branched in different ways

Question 14

what are positional isomers?

Answer 14

they have the same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached
the difference is that the atom or group of atoms is attached to a different carbon atom

Question 15

what are functional group isomers?

Answer 15

functional group isomers have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups

Question 16

what are stereoisomers?

Answer 16

isomers with the same structural formula but different arrangements in space

Question 17

how do stereoisomers work?

Answer 17

atoms cant rotate around C=C double bonds. so E/Z isomers are formed where the atoms can be attached to the same carbons but either on the same side or opposite sides to each other

Question 18

what is an E isomer?

Answer 18

an isomer with the same priority groups positioned on opposite sides of the double bond

Question 19

what a Z isomer?

Answer 19

an isomer with the same priority either both above or both below the double bond

Question 20

how to name an E/Z isomer?

Answer 20

assign priority to each atom attached to one of the carbons, the heaviest having the highest priority and do the same for the other carbon
if both the higher priority groups are in the same side its a Z otherwise its an E

Question 21

what do you do if the 1st atoms attached to a carbon are both the same in a stereoisomer?

Answer 21

look at the next atom along and keep looking at the next one until one is higher priority than another