Unit 3: section 1 - introduction to organic chemistry MDY * Flashcards
basic stuff isomerism
what is a homologous series?
a group of compounds that contain the same functional group and have the same general formula
what differs between successive members of a homologous series?
a CH2 group
what are the main homologous series and their prefixes/ suffixes? (14)
alkanes = -ane branched alkanes = alkyl- alkenes = -ene halogenoalkanes = fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- alcohols = -ol aldehydes = -al ketones = -one carboxylic acids = -oic acid esters = alkyl- -oate amines = -amine amides = -amide acyl chlorides = -oyl chloride cycloalkanes = cyclo- -ane arenes = -benzene (phenyl-)
how do you find the stem of a hydrocarbon?
count the number of carbons in the longest carbon chain 1 = meth- 2 = eth- 3 = prop- 4 = but- 5 = pent- 6= hex-
how to give a hydrocarbon its suffix:
look at the main functional group and add the suffix of that functional group to the end. number the carbons in the carbon chain so the functional group has the lowest number
how to give a hydrocarbon its preffix:
side chains or less important functional groups are added as prefixes and are listed in alphabetical order
how to name a hydrocarbon if it has multiple side chains or functional groups?
use:
di - 2
tri - 3
tetra - 4
what is the IUPAC system?
the system for naming organic compounds, its the agreed international language of chemistry. this means scientists can communicate across the globe
what does a curly arrow show in a reaction?
they show where a pair of electrons goes during a reaction
it starts at the bond or lone pair where the electrons are at the beginning of the reaction
it points to where the new bond is formed at the end of the reaction
what are isomers?
molecules with the same molecular formula but with the atoms arranged differently
what are the 2 types of isomers?
structural isomers
stereo isomers
what are the 3 types of structural formula?
chain isomers
positional isomers
functional group isomers
what are chain isomers?
they have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton. some are straight chains and others are branched in different ways
what are positional isomers?
they have the same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached
the difference is that the atom or group of atoms is attached to a different carbon atom
what are functional group isomers?
functional group isomers have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups
what are stereoisomers?
isomers with the same structural formula but different arrangements in space
how do stereoisomers work?
atoms cant rotate around C=C double bonds. so E/Z isomers are formed where the atoms can be attached to the same carbons but either on the same side or opposite sides to each other
what is an E isomer?
an isomer with the same priority groups positioned on opposite sides of the double bond
what a Z isomer?
an isomer with the same priority either both above or both below the double bond
how to name an E/Z isomer?
assign priority to each atom attached to one of the carbons, the heaviest having the highest priority and do the same for the other carbon
if both the higher priority groups are in the same side its a Z otherwise its an E
what do you do if the 1st atoms attached to a carbon are both the same in a stereoisomer?
look at the next atom along and keep looking at the next one until one is higher priority than another
