Unit 3 revision Flashcards
WHO definition of health
‘ a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’
What is health and wellbeing?
Health and wellbeing refers to the state of physical, social ,emotional, mental and spiritual existences and how a person feels about themselves in relation to each of the dimensions of health.
Physical health and well being
It relates to a state of physical wellbeing in which a person is able to perform daily activities without any restrictions.
• Healthy body weight
• Strong immune system
Social health and well being
It refers to the ability to from meaningful relationships with others as well and the ability to manage to adapt accordingly to different social situations.
• Supportive network of friends
• Effective communication with other
Mental health and well being
Refers to a person’s current state of mind and relates to the ability to think and process information.
Low levels of stress and anxiety
Positive self esteem
Emotional health and well being
The ability to recognize, understand and effectively manage emotions and use this knowledge while thinking and feeling and acting.
Spiritual health and well being
It refers to a positive sense of belonging and meaning or purpose in life. It includes values, beliefs moral and ethics that influence the way people live and can be influenced by an individual’s connection to themselves, others. nature and beyond.
• A sense of belonging
• Positive meaning and purpose in life.
Illness
It is more of a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease.
Disease
It is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunctions or tissue damage.
Subjective
The concept of health and well being is viewed in many different views and is therefore said to be subjective.
Dynamic
Health is dynamic and constantly changing.
Individual benefits
- Children can feel well enough to attend school where they receive education and literate themselves.
- Adults can feel well enough to work and earn a stable income
- Parents are able to afford and feed their children, preventing malnutrition.
National benefits
- The country can grow economically.
* Increase in income allows nation to compete with other nations.
Global benefits
- Government in individual countries can use increased revenue to develop their health system in their country and enable universal health care.
- Morbidity and mortality rates will be reduced allowing countries to work other issues such as climate change.
Infant mortality rates
Infant mortality rate : The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births.
Status
‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)
Incidence
the number or rate of new cases of a disease during a specified period of time (usually a twelve-month period)
U5MR
‘The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.’ (WHO, 2008)
HALE
it is the number of healthy years of life a person is expected to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Morbidity
‘Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.’ (AIHW, 2008)
YLL
a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
Prevalence
It refers to total number of cases of a particular disease or a condition present in a population at a given time.
Morality rates
It refers to the number of deaths caused by a particular disease or a condition at a given time
Life expectancy
Itis the number of years a person is expected to live if death rates do not change
Maternal mortality rate
Deaths of mother occurring during pregnancy or childbirth.
DALY (disability adjusted life years)
A measure of burden of disease. One DALY equals to 1 year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time spent with disability, illness or injury.
What is self-assessed health status? Give an example.
A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general.
Burden of disease
a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.
What is Old Public Health? Give 4 examples
They were government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.
What is new public health? Give 4 examples
It is an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behavior change to one that considers the ways in which physical, socio-cultural and environmental environments impact on health. Focuses on non-communicable/lifestyle diseases.
• anti-smoking campaigns
• nutritional guidelines and policies
• free vaccination programs
Biomedical Model of Health
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and/or health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease. It does not take into consideration any environmental factors that could have contributed to one’s ill health.
Provide 3 examples of biomedical healthcare.
- X-rays
- Chemotherapy
- Vaccines
Social Model of Health
A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order to achieve health gains, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.
Addresses broader determinants of health
Behavioural factors/determinants, such as reducing tobacco smoking and food intake, are an important part of improving health and wellbeing
Reduces social inequality
This principle addresses the social factors/determinants that contribute to inequities in health status.
Empowers induvial and the community
This principle aims to empower individuals and communities so they can participate in decisions made about their health and wellbeing
Accessibility to health care
This principle addresses the social and environmental factors/determinants that reduce access to healthcare for all people.
Inter-Sectorial collaboration
This is when government and non-government organisations who have an influence over the sociocultural and environmental factors/determinants that influence health status work together to promote health and wellbeing.
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
An approach to health development by the World Health Organization that attempts to reduce inequalities in health. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their health.
Build healthy public policy
This refers to the decisions made by the government and organizations in relation to laws and polices relating to or affecting health.
Create supportive environments
Create supportive environments is about making it easier for people to make healthy choices by providing a physical and social environment that promotes health rather than detracts from it.
Strengthen community action
Strengthen community action refers to involving many different groups within the community to work towards a common goal of improving health.
Develop personal skills
Developing personal skills is about providing people with the skills they need to be able to take control of their health and make healthy choices.
Reorient health services
Reorienting health services is about shifting the health system towards prevention, as opposed to focusing on cure
What is medicare?
Medicare is Australia’s universal health insurance scheme. It provides all Australian citizens ,permanent residents and people from countries that have reciprocal agreements access to health care at no out of pocket cost.
Private Health Insurance Rebate
The government also provides many PI Australian holders a debate (a partial refund) to help recover the costs of the premium. The rebate enables Australians to be able to afford private health insurance.
Lifetime health cover
additional 2% increase on private health insurance premiums
for every year the person is over 30 (e.g. a 40-year-old will have to pay 20% more than a 30-year-old.) Encourages younger people to take up and keep private health insurance and reduce the cost of providing healthcare for elderly Australians
Medicare Levy Surcharge
The Medicare levy surcharge — high income earners who do not have private health insurance pay a higher premium. This is income tested so those with higher incomes pay a higher surcharge (the surcharge can be 1, 1.25 or 1.5 per cent).
Why is smoking a health issue?
•
Smoking kills an estimated 15 000 Australians each year.
•Costly to individuals and the government. Smoking costs Australia $31.5 billion in social (including health) and economic costs each year.
•Smoking affects vulnerable population groups dis proportionality, with people living outside major cities and people from Indigenous and low socioeconomic backgrounds being more likely to smoke.
Learn Earn Legend
‘Learn Earn Legend!’ is a program that encourages and supports young Indigenous Australians to stay at school to develop literacy and numeracy skills, so they can get a job and be a legend for themselves, their family and their community
How does this program improve Indigenous health and wellbeing?
As the program promotes education, young people may feel good about themselves if they develop skills which can enhance self-esteem thus promoting mental health and wellbeing .They may also have an opportunity to bond with other young people which can enhance social health and wellbeing.
Link your program to the Ottawa Charter
- Learn earn Legend! supports young Indigenous Australians to stay at school to develop personal skills such as literacy and numeracy.
- Learn Earn Legend! is strengthening community action as it is delivered by community leaders, sport stars and local community members whom young Indigenous Australians respect and aspire to emulate.
Pharmaceutical benefit scheme (PBS)
Pharmaceutical benefit scheme (PBS) Subsidiarizes the cost of many medications listed on the PBS list( about 4000 medications are on the list) and is available to all Australian.
Private health insurance
Private health insurance is a type of insurance where members pay a small amount of fee monthly to cover the costs of health related services not covered by Medicare.
List 4 examples of services that are covered by Medicare.
- Doctors (G. P’s)
- Specialist consultations at public hospitals
- Public hospitals (including surgery and follow up procedures)
- X-rays and pathology tests (e.g. blood tests)
- Eye tests
List 2 examples of services that are not covered by Medicare.
- Treatment in private hospitals
* Dental and allied health services (e.g. physiotherapy, chiropractors, acupuncturist.)
Explain what the safety net is.
The Medicare Safety Net is a system that allows people to pay less for their medical treatment once they have paid a certain amount for medical care in a calendar year.
