Unit 3 revision

Question 1

WHO definition of health

Answer 1

‘ a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’

Question 2

What is health and wellbeing?

Answer 2

Health and wellbeing refers to the state of physical, social ,emotional, mental and spiritual existences and how a person feels about themselves in relation to each of the dimensions of health.

Question 3

Physical health and well being

Answer 3

It relates to a state of physical wellbeing in which a person is able to perform daily activities without any restrictions.
• Healthy body weight
• Strong immune system

Question 4

Social health and well being

Answer 4

It refers to the ability to from meaningful relationships with others as well and the ability to manage to adapt accordingly to different social situations.
• Supportive network of friends
• Effective communication with other

Question 5

Mental health and well being

Answer 5

Refers to a person’s current state of mind and relates to the ability to think and process information.
Low levels of stress and anxiety
Positive self esteem

Question 6

Emotional health and well being

Answer 6

The ability to recognize, understand and effectively manage emotions and use this knowledge while thinking and feeling and acting.

Question 7

Spiritual health and well being

Answer 7

It refers to a positive sense of belonging and meaning or purpose in life. It includes values, beliefs moral and ethics that influence the way people live and can be influenced by an individual’s connection to themselves, others. nature and beyond.
• A sense of belonging
• Positive meaning and purpose in life.

Question 8

Illness

Answer 8

It is more of a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease.

Question 9

Disease

Answer 9

It is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunctions or tissue damage.

Question 10

Subjective

Answer 10

The concept of health and well being is viewed in many different views and is therefore said to be subjective.

Question 11

Dynamic

Answer 11

Health is dynamic and constantly changing.

Question 12

Individual benefits

Answer 12

• Children can feel well enough to attend school where they receive education and literate themselves.
• Adults can feel well enough to work and earn a stable income
• Parents are able to afford and feed their children, preventing malnutrition.

Question 13

National benefits

Answer 13

• The country can grow economically.

* Increase in income allows nation to compete with other nations.

Question 14

Global benefits

Answer 14

• Government in individual countries can use increased revenue to develop their health system in their country and enable universal health care.
• Morbidity and mortality rates will be reduced allowing countries to work other issues such as climate change.

Question 15

Infant mortality rates

Answer 15

Infant mortality rate : The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births.

Question 16

Status

Answer 16

‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)

Question 17

Incidence

Answer 17

the number or rate of new cases of a disease during a specified period of time (usually a twelve-month period)

Question 18

U5MR

Answer 18

‘The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.’ (WHO, 2008)

Question 19

HALE

Answer 19

it is the number of healthy years of life a person is expected to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Question 20

Morbidity

Answer 20

‘Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.’ (AIHW, 2008)

Question 21

YLL

Answer 21

a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death

Question 22

Prevalence

Answer 22

It refers to total number of cases of a particular disease or a condition present in a population at a given time.

Question 23

Morality rates

Answer 23

It refers to the number of deaths caused by a particular disease or a condition at a given time

Question 24

Life expectancy

Answer 24

Itis the number of years a person is expected to live if death rates do not change

Question 25

Maternal mortality rate

Answer 25

Deaths of mother occurring during pregnancy or childbirth.

Question 26

DALY (disability adjusted life years)

Answer 26

A measure of burden of disease. One DALY equals to 1 year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time spent with disability, illness or injury.

Question 27

What is self-assessed health status? Give an example.

Answer 27

A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general.

Question 28

Burden of disease

Answer 28

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.

Question 29

What is Old Public Health? Give 4 examples

Answer 29

They were government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.

Question 30

What is new public health? Give 4 examples

Answer 30

It is an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behavior change to one that considers the ways in which physical, socio-cultural and environmental environments impact on health. Focuses on non-communicable/lifestyle diseases.
• anti-smoking campaigns
• nutritional guidelines and policies
• free vaccination programs

Question 31

Biomedical Model of Health

Answer 31

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and/or health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease. It does not take into consideration any environmental factors that could have contributed to one’s ill health.

Question 32

Provide 3 examples of biomedical healthcare.

Answer 32

• X-rays
• Chemotherapy
• Vaccines

Question 33

Social Model of Health

Answer 33

A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order to achieve health gains, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.

Question 34

Addresses broader determinants of health

Answer 34

Behavioural factors/determinants, such as reducing tobacco smoking and food intake, are an important part of improving health and wellbeing

Question 35

Reduces social inequality

Answer 35

This principle addresses the social factors/determinants that contribute to inequities in health status.

Question 36

Empowers induvial and the community

Answer 36

This principle aims to empower individuals and communities so they can participate in decisions made about their health and wellbeing

Question 37

Accessibility to health care

Answer 37

This principle addresses the social and environmental factors/determinants that reduce access to healthcare for all people.

Question 38

Inter-Sectorial collaboration

Answer 38

This is when government and non-government organisations who have an influence over the sociocultural and environmental factors/determinants that influence health status work together to promote health and wellbeing.

Question 39

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

Answer 39

An approach to health development by the World Health Organization that attempts to reduce inequalities in health. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their health.

Question 40

Build healthy public policy

Answer 40

This refers to the decisions made by the government and organizations in relation to laws and polices relating to or affecting health.

Question 41

Create supportive environments

Answer 41

Create supportive environments is about making it easier for people to make healthy choices by providing a physical and social environment that promotes health rather than detracts from it.

Question 42

Strengthen community action

Answer 42

Strengthen community action refers to involving many different groups within the community to work towards a common goal of improving health.

Question 43

Develop personal skills

Answer 43

Developing personal skills is about providing people with the skills they need to be able to take control of their health and make healthy choices.

Question 44

Reorient health services

Answer 44

Reorienting health services is about shifting the health system towards prevention, as opposed to focusing on cure

Question 45

What is medicare?

Answer 45

Medicare is Australia’s universal health insurance scheme. It provides all Australian citizens ,permanent residents and people from countries that have reciprocal agreements access to health care at no out of pocket cost.

Question 46

Private Health Insurance Rebate

Answer 46

The government also provides many PI Australian holders a debate (a partial refund) to help recover the costs of the premium. The rebate enables Australians to be able to afford private health insurance.

Question 47

Lifetime health cover

Answer 47

additional 2% increase on private health insurance premiums
for every year the person is over 30 (e.g. a 40-year-old will have to pay 20% more than a 30-year-old.) Encourages younger people to take up and keep private health insurance and reduce the cost of providing healthcare for elderly Australians

Question 48

Medicare Levy Surcharge

Answer 48

The Medicare levy surcharge — high income earners who do not have private health insurance pay a higher premium. This is income tested so those with higher incomes pay a higher surcharge (the surcharge can be 1, 1.25 or 1.5 per cent).

Question 49

Why is smoking a health issue?

•

Answer 49

Smoking kills an estimated 15 000 Australians each year.
•Costly to individuals and the government. Smoking costs Australia $31.5 billion in social (including health) and economic costs each year.
•Smoking affects vulnerable population groups dis proportionality, with people living outside major cities and people from Indigenous and low socioeconomic backgrounds being more likely to smoke.

Question 50

Learn Earn Legend

Answer 50

‘Learn Earn Legend!’ is a program that encourages and supports young Indigenous Australians to stay at school to develop literacy and numeracy skills, so they can get a job and be a legend for themselves, their family and their community

Question 51

How does this program improve Indigenous health and wellbeing?

Answer 51

As the program promotes education, young people may feel good about themselves if they develop skills which can enhance self-esteem thus promoting mental health and wellbeing .They may also have an opportunity to bond with other young people which can enhance social health and wellbeing.

Question 52

Link your program to the Ottawa Charter

Answer 52

• Learn earn Legend! supports young Indigenous Australians to stay at school to develop personal skills such as literacy and numeracy.
• Learn Earn Legend! is strengthening community action as it is delivered by community leaders, sport stars and local community members whom young Indigenous Australians respect and aspire to emulate.

Question 53

Pharmaceutical benefit scheme (PBS)

Answer 53

Pharmaceutical benefit scheme (PBS) Subsidiarizes the cost of many medications listed on the PBS list( about 4000 medications are on the list) and is available to all Australian.

Question 54

Private health insurance

Answer 54

Private health insurance is a type of insurance where members pay a small amount of fee monthly to cover the costs of health related services not covered by Medicare.

Question 55

List 4 examples of services that are covered by Medicare.

Answer 55

• Doctors (G. P’s)
• Specialist consultations at public hospitals
• Public hospitals (including surgery and follow up procedures)
• X-rays and pathology tests (e.g. blood tests)
• Eye tests

Question 56

List 2 examples of services that are not covered by Medicare.

Answer 56

• Treatment in private hospitals

* Dental and allied health services (e.g. physiotherapy, chiropractors, acupuncturist.)

Question 57

Explain what the safety net is.

Answer 57

The Medicare Safety Net is a system that allows people to pay less for their medical treatment once they have paid a certain amount for medical care in a calendar year.