Unit 3 Review Video Muscles System Flashcards
What are the three types of muscle tissue
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
Properties of Smooth muscle
- No striations
- Spindal shaped
- Uninuclear
Properties of Cardiac Muscle
- Striations
- Short and branching
- uninuclear
Properties of Skeletal muscle
- Striations
- Skeletal is very long
- Multinuclear
Function of Smooth muscle
Move through within the body.
Involuntary
Function of Cardiac Muscle
- Pump blood from the heart.
- Involuntary
Function of Skeletal muscle
- Move bone.
- Voluntary
- Push-pull
- posture
Layers of muscle
Whole muscle - Covered by epimysium (organ)
Fascicle - Covered by perimysium.
Muscle fibers/cells - covered by endomysium
Miofibrals - made of Sarcomeres
Sarcomeres -
Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its action, appearance, or location
- Action: Many muscles are named based on their actions. For instance, muscles with names like “flexor,” “extensor,” “adductor,” “abductor,” “levator,” or “depressor” indicate their primary function.
- Appearance: Some muscles are named based on their appearance or characteristics. This could include factors like their size, shape, or arrangement of fibers.
For example:
“Rectus” muscles are typically straight and parallel (e.g., rectus abdominis).
“Deltoid” muscles are named after the Greek letter delta due to their triangular shape (e.g., deltoid muscle of the shoulder).
“Trapezius” muscles are named because of their trapezoid shape (e.g., trapezius muscle of the back).
- Location: The location of a muscle in the body can often be inferred from its name. Muscles may be named based on their proximity to certain bones, regions, or structures.
For example:
“Brachialis” muscles are located in the arm (brachium) region (e.g., brachialis muscle of the upper arm).
“Temporalis” muscles are situated in the temporal region of the skull (e.g., temporalis muscle of the head).
“Intercostal” muscles are located between the ribs (e.g., external intercostal muscles).
Define the terms agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonist
The muscle responsible for causing a specific or desired action, also known as the prime mover
Antagonist
The opposing muscle to the agonist, which must relax and lengthen to allow contraction of the prime mover
Synergist
Muscles that contract with the prime mover to help movement
Fixator
Stabilize joints in fixed position so prime mover can exert its action
Describe the types of muscle attachments.
It attaches directly to the periosteum or uses tendon or aponeurosis.
Explore the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle and the specific arrangement of each element in relation to the others.
Sacolemma - membrane
T Tubule - canal-like structure voltage gates are on
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - stores calcium inside, Smooth ER
Motor neuron - above sarcolemma
Sarcomere - sit on the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Story of the action potential of sarcolemma
- Motor neuron has synaptic vesicles in its axon terminal
- Calcium came in through voltage-gated channels and bound to vesicles.
- Tells vesicles to release acetylcholine.
- The connection between two cells is called a Neuromuscular junction.
- A small gap between neurons and sarcolemma is called synaptic cleft.
- acetylcholine. will bind to ligand-gatted channels
- Triggers Ligand gatted channels to open, causing sodium to rush in.
- Causes depolarisation went from positive outside and negative inside to negative outside positive inside.
- Causing voltage-gated channels to open, allowing even more sodium in all the way down the tubule.
- Potsium voltage-gated channels repolarize as the signals move down the membrane.
- As it moves down the T tubule, it causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum channels to open and calcium diffuses out.
What causes action potential?
Voltage-gated channels opening.
What causes graded potential
Ligand channels opening ( short term)
What is the structure of the sarcomere?
- Has one big thick filament
- Two thin filaments overlapping each other.
What are the Three parts of a thin filament?
- Actin
- tropomyosin
- troponin
What are parts of the thick filament?
- Myosin
How do you cause contractions?
- Thick filaments have myosin heads that attach to the actin of thin filaments
- Calcium will bind to troponin, moving tropomyosin out of the actin hole.
- Actin binds to myosin, causing a power stroke
Define the motor unit and explain the events of a muscle Twitch.
Motor unit - skeletal muscle attached to a neuron
Twitch - a contraction and then quick relaxation
Identify graded muscle response and explain how factors affect graded responses
Twitch - small stimuli
unfused or incomplete (normal) - many stimuli
fazed or complete - one large non-stop stimuli
Factors
- Frequency of stimulus and strength
- the size of the muscle
- Number of muscle cells
- Stretch (long and Short sarcomeres affect the stretch)
Define muscle tone, and discuss in the context of isometric and isotonic contraction
muscle tone - sustained contractions
isometric - Cant move load
isotonic contraction - Can move a load
Describe the mechanisms through which muscles are supplied with ATP.
ATP is made from creatine 1 ATP (fast way), Glycolysis 2 ATP, Aerobic respiration 36 ATP (oxygen needed)
Fast glycolytic - fast movements but burn energy fast (only 2 ATP)
Fast oxidative - Sprinting but used quickly
Slow oxidative fibers - Long-distance running
Discuss the factors that affect the force, velocity, and duration of muscle contraction.
Factors
- Frequency of stimulus and strength
- the size of the muscle
- Number of muscle cells
- Stretch (long and Short sarcomeres affect the stretch)
Why do you need ATP?
ATP breaks cross-bridge, and hydrolysis allows for the power stroke.
Underscore the effects of exercise on muscles.
Two Types of Exercise
aerobic - Builds muscles to get big for movements
glycolytic - gets mitochondria to make more atp
Indicate the microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle cells, and compare them to skeletal muscle cells
- One nuclus no striations
- Have thin filaments that form corkscrew action
- leading to peristalsis
- the different roles of calcium and movement
- single unit and multiunit
- single units have gap junctions (contract as one)
- Multiunit no gap junction ( work separately)
Examine the mechanism and regulation of smooth muscle contraction.
- calcium binds to calmodulin
- Changes its shape
- becomes active calmodulin
- talks to enzyme MLCK
- talks to thick filaments to bind to actin
Are smooth muscles mitotic or miosis
Mitotic - still divides
Describe the types of smooth muscle and their locations in the body.
UNI - Visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the digestive tract, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.
Mutli - Location: Multi-unit smooth muscle is found in structures where fine control and precision are necessary, such as the iris of the eye, the walls of large airways (bronchioles), and the piloerector muscles in the skin.
Identify the changes in muscle tissue due to age.
Muscles get larger as you age, but then your body undergoes atrophy, and muscles can’t be replaced.
