Intro to brain video

Question 1

What are four major regions of the brain

Answer 1

Four major regions:
* cerebrum
* diencephalon
* brainstem
* cerebellum

Question 2

Where to crainial nerves orginate

Answer 2

• cerebrum
• diencephalon
• brainstem
• cerebellum
  Mainly brainstem

Question 3

What are three main areas of brainstem

Answer 3

Midbrain,Pon,Medulla oblengata

Question 3

The prosencephalon goes on to form what two secondary brain vesicles?

Answer 3

Telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 3

What is grey matter?

Answer 3

color from motor and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

Question 3

Where is gray matter located within the cerebrum? Within the spinal cord?

Answer 3

In the cerebrum the grey matter covers the surface of the brain. It is also present in small clusters inside the white matter.

Question 3

What is white matter?

Answer 3

• color from myelin on axons

Question 4

What are the protections of the brain?

Answer 4

• Membranes (meninges)
• Ventricles
• Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid)
• Blood-brain barrier

Question 5

What is function of Meninges?

Answer 5

• Cover and protect the CNS
• Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
• Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Form partitions in the skull

Question 6

What are three layers of Meninges?

Answer 6

• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia matter

Question 7

What is dura matter?

Answer 7

Two layers of fibrous connective tissue (around the brain) separate to form dural sinuses

Question 8

What is arachniod matter?

Answer 8

• Middle layer with weblike extensions
• Separated from the dura mater by the subdural space
• Subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood vessels
• Arachnoid villi protrude into the superior sagittal sinus and permit CSF reabsorption

Question 9

What is pia matter?

Answer 9

Layer of delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

Question 10

From superficial to deepest, name the meninges and the spaces between them.

Answer 10

Dura mater, subdural space (potential space), arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

Question 11

What are ventricles of the brain?

Answer 11

• Connected to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord
• Lined by ependymal cells

Question 12

What are the division of the ventricles?

Answer 12

• Contain cerebrospinal fluid
• Two C-shaped lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres
• Third ventricle in the diencephalon
• Fourth ventricle in the hindbrain, dorsal to the pons, develops from the lumen of the neural tube

Question 13

What is composition of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 13

Composition
- Watery solution
- Less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma
- Constant volume

Question 14

What is function of Cerebrospinal Fluid?

Answer 14

Functions
- Gives buoyancy to the CNS organs
- Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
- Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals

Question 15

How is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

Answer 15

• Formed by choroid plexus
• specialized tissue in each ventricle
• layer of ependymal cells and blood capillaries (within pia)
• Produced by secretion from ependymal cells
• Originates from blood plasma
• Composition somewhat similar to plasma

Question 16

What are the three main functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 16

It provides buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability to the brain.

Question 17

Where is CSF first produced? How does excess CSF get removed from the blood?

Answer 17

It is first produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles.
It is removed from the blood after flowing into the arachnoid villi, which drain into the dural venous sinuses.

Question 18

What is Function of blood brain barrier?

Answer 18

• Strictly regulates which substances enter brain’s interstitial fluid
• Helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances
• e.g., drugs
• blood waste products
• variations in levels of normal substances
• e.g., ions, hormones

Question 19

What is composition of blood brain barrier?

Answer 19

Blood-brain barrier composition
- Most capillaries in brain wrapped by perivascular feet
* astrocyte extensions
- Endothelial cells and perivascular feet both contributing to BBB
- Continuous basement membrane of endothelial cells
- Tight junctions between adjacent endothelial cells
* reduce capillary permeability
- Astrocyte “gatekeepers” controlling materials leaving neurons

Question 20

What components make up the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 20

Capillary endothelial cells (with tight junctions), basement membrane, perivascular feet of astrocytes