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A&P 1 > Spinal Cord video > Flashcards

Spinal Cord video Flashcards

1
Q

What is function of spinal cord?

A
  • Provides a vital link between brain and rest of body
  • Exhibits some functional independence from the brain
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2
Q

How are spinal cord and spinal nerves related?

A
  • Pathway for sensory and motor nerve signals
  • Responsible for reflexes, quickest reactions to stimulus
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3
Q

What is anatomy of spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerves
- 31 pairs
* contain both sensory and motor axons
* identified by first letter of spinal cord part and number
* 8 cervical nerves (C1-C8)
* 12 thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
* 5 lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
* 5 sacral nerves (S1-S5)
* 1 coccygeal nerve (Col)

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4
Q

What are spinal cord feature?

A
  • Roughly cylindrical, flattened posteriorly and anteriorly
  • Posterior median sulcus
  • longitudinal narrow groove on posterior surface
  • Anterior median fissure
  • longitudinal depression on anterior surface
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5
Q

What are the specific types of spinal nerves?

A

Cervical nerves (C1-8)
Thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
Lumbar nerves (L1-5)
Sacral nerves (S1-5)
Coccygeal nerve (Col)

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6
Q

What protection does spinal cord have?

A
  • Bone, meninges, and CSF
  • Cushion of fat and a network of veins in the epidural space between the vertebrae and spinal dura mater
  • CSF in subarachnoid space
  • Denticulate ligaments: extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater
  • Filum terminale: fibrous extension from conus medullaris; anchors the spinal cord to the
    соссух
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7
Q

What divideds spinal cord into two halfs left and right?

A
  • Ventral (anterior) median fissure
  • Dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
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8
Q

What is gray commisure?

A

Gray commissure-connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal

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9
Q

What is anaotomy of gray matter of spinal cord?

A
  • Dorsal horns-interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input
  • Ventral horns—somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots
  • Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.
  • Dorsal root (spinal) gangia—contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
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10
Q

What nervous system structures are found in the anterior, lateral, and posterior horns?

A

The anterior horn houses cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.

The lateral horns contain the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.

The posterior horns contain the axons and sensory neurons and the cell bodies of interneurons.

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11
Q

What is white matter in spinal cord?

A
  • White matter
  • External to gray matter
  • Composed of myelinated axons going to and from the brain
  • Subdivisions of white matter
  • Partitioned into three regions, each called a funiculus
  • Each funiculus with both motor and sensory axons
  • both ascending and descending tracts
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12
Q

What are the subdivisions of white matter?

A

Posterior funiculus
* between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus
Lateral funiculus
* on lateral side of spinal cord
Anterior funiculus
* between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure
* interconnected by the white commissure

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13
Q

What are the three types of funiculi? What are the components of each?

A

Posterior funiculus, lateral funiculus, anterior funiculus.

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14
Q

What are Conduction pathways characteristics?

A
  • Travel through white matter of the spinal cord
  • Tract (axon bundle) and nucleus (collection of neuron cell bodies)
    Sensory pathways
  • also known as ascending pathways
  • signals from sensory receptors ascending to brain
    Motor pathways
  • also known as descending pathways
  • signals from brain to muscles or glands
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15
Q

What are sensory pathways ?

A

Sensory pathways
- Ascending pathways
- Carry info about proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure, pain
- Somatosensory pathways
* process stimuli from skin, muscles, joints
- Viscerosensory pathways
* process stimuli from viscera

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16
Q

What is the function of first neroun in sensory pathway?

A

Primary neuron
* first neuron in chain
* dendrites part of receptor that detects stimulus
* cell bodies in posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves
* axon projecting to secondary neuron within CNS

17
Q

What is the function of secondary neroun in sensory pathway?

A

Secondary neuron
* interneuron
* within posterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem nucleus
* projects to thalamus or cerebellum
* secondary neuron to thalamus projecting to tertiary neuron

18
Q

What is the function of tertiary neroun in sensory pathway?

A

Tertiary neuron
* interneuron residing in thalamus
* axon projects to primary somatosensory cortex

19
Q

What are the locations and functions of primary, secondary, and tertiary neurons in sensory pathways?

A

Primary neurons: posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves.
They project to secondary neurons.
Secondary neurons: posterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem nucleus. They project to thalamus or cerebellum.
Tertiary neurons: within thalamus. They project to the primary somatosensory cortex.

20
Q

What are motor pathways?

A
  • Descending pathways in the brain and spinal cord
  • May be formed from
  • cerebral cortex, cerebral nuclei
  • cerebellum, descending projection tracts, or motor neurons
  • At least two motor neurons present in pathway:
  • upper motor neuron
  • lower motor neuron
21
Q

What are the motor pathway components?

A

Upper motor neurons
* housed within cerebral gortex or nuclei within brainstem
* synapse directly on lower motor neurons or on interneurons
* excites or inhibits activity of lower motor neuron
Lower motor neurons
* housed within anterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem cranial
nucleus
* exit CNS and project to skeletal muscle
* always excitatory

  • Innervation of limb and trunk muscles
  • neurons in anterior horn and nearby gray matter
  • Innervation of head and neck muscles
  • neurons in motor nuclei of cranial nerves and reticular formation
22
Q

What is the direct prymidal system?

A
  • Impulses from pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri pass through the pyramidal (corticospinal)l tracts
  • Axons synapse with interneurons or ventral horn motor neurons
  • The direct pathway regulates fast and fine (skilled) movements
23
Q

What are the locations and functions of upper and lower motor neurons in motor pathways?

A

Upper motor neurons are found within the cerebral cortex or a nucleus within the brainstem. They synapse on lower motor neurons or interneurons.

Lower motor neurons are found within the anterior horn of the spinal cord or a brainstem cranial nerve nucleus. They project to skeletal muscles to be innervated.

A&P 1 (25 decks)

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