Unit 3: Psychodynamic and Psychoanalytic theories Flashcards
Drive
Interchangeable to instinct. Expresses themselves with unconscious process
Libido
The psychic energy that emanates from sexual drives.
Eros and Thanatos
Life and death instincts
Levels of consciousness
Conscious, preconscious and unconscious
Structure of personality
Id, Ego and Superego
Defense mechanisms
Repression, Denial, reaction formation, projection, displacement, sublimation, rationalisation, regression, identification and intellectualisation.
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Object relations theory
Relationships between child and significant others. Individuation (separate later and become individuals)
Donald Winnicott – transitional object, good enough mother (caring+independence), if not good enough – true self may not occur, false self (compliant of mothers and acting like they are and no true self)
Kernberg’s OR theory
splitting (not viewed in total – babysitter eg.) ,esp seen in borderline disorders
Kohut’s self-psychology
Narcissism – inability to love or relate to others – self absorption(grandiosity),
Powerful parent (idealized self-object),
Difficulty in depth – how individuals relate to others and how they view themselves,
They do not differentiate themselves from their mother
Outbursts – removal of mirroring (parent is happy with the child)
Problems occur as they are struck in grandiose self
Winnocott’s theory application in therapy
Repair defective childhood parenting
Controlled regression (pt returns to the early stage of dependence)
Therapist sense what subject’s object of love/hate,
Therapist must deal with irrationality and strong feelings without getting angry or upset
Encourage development of true self
Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis
and Greenberg’s 4 premises
Did not believe in neutrality
How their reactions may influence the patient
They believe themselves as instruments – reacting to patient statements
Greenberg’s 4 premises
Analysts will have personal influence on the patient based on his/her personality
Each analyst–patient pair will be unique.
Treatment is unpredictable and depends on interaction
Analyst is subjective not objective
Mitchell’s four modes of iteraction
How people relate in broad sense
How they communicate love to each other
How they view their own roles (mother, daughter etc.) – conscious / unconscious
Intersubjectivity
Therapeutic goals in Psychodynamic and analytic theories
A change in person’s personality and character structure
During this unconscious conflicts are resolved
Self-understanding - analysis of childhood experiences that are reconstructed, interpreted, and analyzed.
The insight that develops helps bring about changes in feelings and behaviors.
However insight without change is not achieving the goal
Exploring the unconscious (Freud – sexual and aggressive drives, ego psychologist – ego defense mechanisms, and object relations –improved relations with self and others, self psychology – self absorption, relational psychology- similar object relations)
Assessments
Dreams and Family history through analysis and therapy - unconscious
Trial analysis -first few weeks to assess appropriateness for therapy
Listen for unconscious motivations,
Early childhood relationship issues,
Defenses or other material will help them assess their patients’ problems.
Rorschach ink blot, TAT, Blacky Test (specifically Freudian concepts)
Short and long form of alliance inventory
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis - the therapist speaks less than in a face-to-face psychotherapeutic interaction, offering occasional clarification and interpretation.
Psychotherapy / counseling
Use of suggestion support
Empathy
Questions, and confrontation of resistance,
As well as insight-oriented interventions in the form of clarification and interpretation
Free association
Free association -content of free association may be bodily sensations, feelings, fantasies, thoughts, memories, recent events, and the analyst.
Couch – more unconscious material uncovered
Unconscious is related to behaviour and meaningful awareness by expression
Indicate anxiety provoking aspects
a slip of the tongue and omitted material can be analyzed based on knowledge of analyst
Difficulty in free association – behaviours are interpreted and meanings are shared
Neutrality and empathy
free-associate to materials that are affected as little as possible by aspects of the analyst that is extraneous to the patient
Analysts disclosure- are concerned about harm
Aanalysts are not cold and uncaring
Analyst is empathic with the patient’s experience and feelings.
By understanding and encouraging free association rather than responding directly to the patient’s feelings (anger, hurt, happiness, and so forth),
the analyst allows a transference relationship feelings about the analyst) to develop
Resistance
Unconscious resistance in the form of - being late for appointments, forgetting appointments, or losing interest in therapy
Acting out outside – drinking too much, extramarital affair
Transference resistance - managing the relationship with the therapist so that a wished or feared interaction with the analyst can take place
Interpretation- techniques to interpret?
Free association
Dreams
Slips of the tongue
Symptoms
Transference
What to interpret
Sexually repressed material,
Unconscious ways the individual is defending against repressed memories of traumatic or disturbing situations
Early childhood disturbances relating to unsatisfactory parenting etc.
Process of conveying
Readiness to accept (if intpt. Is too deep patient might not accept)
Psychological disorder – work with BPD may serve difft function than
Being aware of one’s unconscious – helps in interpretation
Interpretation of dreams
Important means for uncovering unconscious
Providing insight for unresolved issues
Wishes, needs, and fears can be revealed
Manifest and latent content
The interpreter requests free association in relation to dream and recall feeling that the dream elicited
Therapists then help – to understand the repressed meaning of the material, thus developing new insights
Freud – sexual energy; others- ego, object relations, self, or relational approach.
Interpretation of transference
Early relationships with parents – transference on to clients
Four approaches - drive, ego, object relations, and self-psychology base interpretations of transference on early, unconscious material.
The way they differ reflects their special listening perspective
Interpretation of counter transference
Three different position on countertransference
The irrational or neurotic reactions of therapists toward the patient
The therapist’s entire feelings toward the patient, conscious or unconscious
A counterpart of the patient’s transference
Relational responses
Beyond transference and counter transference
Issues that affect therapeutic work.
Therapeutic goals in Jungian therapy
Individuation (conscious realization of psychological reality that is unique to oneself)
Once you realize – integrate conscious and unconscious
Developmentally
Childhood – identify self archetype
Adolescence – persona
Mid-life – shift from earning for material reasons to spiritual reasons
Old age - serinity
Jungian Therapy
Unconscious – conscious
Assessments – projective techniques, objective instruments that measure type, and assessments of dream and fantasy material
Therapeutic relationship – flexible one (use their psyches to bring about personal and collective unconscious into awareness)
To do this: dreams, active imagination, and other exploration methods
Transference and countertransference.
Jungian Assessments
Objective personality tests
Projective personality tests
Dream analysis
Word association -
Symptom analysis
Case history
Analysis of the unconscious
Jung’s description of humane assessment
Techniques and approaches-Jung
Word association provides complexes that disturb the individual – exploring unconscious
Hypnosis to bring back painful memories
Symptom analysis – PTSD
Case history – tracking the development of the psychological disorder (to bring in changes of attitude; and aspects of the unconscious into the conscious)
Analysis of unconscious (when conscious analysis is exhausted, varied, and related to a patient’s archetyes)
He would also analyze his own dream to interpret the patient (famous in Jungian school)
Other tests-Jung
TAT
Rorschach (Klopfer – Jungian analyst – developed the test)
He was also interested in Jung’s extraversion and introversion
Murray- TAT
Gray- Wheelwright Jungian Type Survey
MBTI (thinking and feeling opposite ends and helps studying bipolar)
Singer-Loomis Inventory of Personality
Therapeutic relationships- Jung
Accepting pt for psychological disturbances and unconscious
Using personal experience while interpreting
Humanness “wounded healer” (touched by patient’s pain)
The analyst’s awareness of changes in her unconscious, as represented by her shadow (for example, through tightening in the stomach)
Can provide insight
Provides different choices for interventions
Jungian stages of therapy
1st stage – catharsis – emotional and intellectual confession
2nd stage – elucidation/interpretation – transference relationship
3rd stage – insight into social needs and striving for superiority
4th stage – transformation / individuation (from social needs fulfillment – ones own unique patterns and personality)
Dream analysis
Distinguished between little (personal unconscious) and big
Significant dreams – remembered for lifetime biggest jewel of psychic experience
Compensatory function of dreams
Dream material
Memories of past experiences
Important events in the past that were repressed
Unimportant daily or past events
Memories of deeply disturbing secrets.
Sometimes the dream comes from physical stimuli such as a cold room or a need to urinate.
Sources of the dream – not important but the meaning of it to the dreamer
Structure of dreams
Four important aspects
Place in which the dream takes place; Major character in the dream; Relationship of the dreamer to the situation; Time
Plot development – an indication of conflicts
Decisive event – change takes place in the dream
Conclusion or solution
Understanding the entire structure of a dream is important for the analyst although sometimes the dreamer may remember only segments and fraction
Dream interpretation- Jung
Relate to symbolic meaning of the dream to the conscious situation
Depending upon the nature of the dream, either personal associations (personal lives) or archetypal (should be aware of their culture, folklore, mythology etc.) associations
Continuity in dreams
Subjective interpretation (each object/people partly represent the dreamer) - people in the dream are important to the dreamer
Objective interpretation (object/people represent themselves) – people in the dream are important to the dreamer
Nightmares – could also be representations of fears of other people
Recurring themes - archetypes
Compensatory functions
`Part of regulating the individual’s personality
What does dream to the dreamer?
Bringing unconscious into conscious helps understand its function
Dreams compensate conscious - confirming, opposing, exaggerating, or in some other way relating to conscious experience.
Not all dreams look for compensatory function
They may anticipate some future event
Active imagination
Jungian analysts – allow a variety of new unconscious events to come into conscious
This is done via active imagination
Purpose is to let complexes and emotional components come into the conscious
It can be done both verbally and non-verbally
Conversation with human/non-human fig. from the dream
Active imagination is done with the help of archetypes (Anima/ animus and the wise old man)
Gerhard Adler – recurrent dreams – conversing with those figures and asking its name
Ego center of unconscious can understand collective unconscious
Specialised techniques- Jung
Dance and movement therapy
Poetry
Artwork
Pts create withput being too conscious – attach a symbolic value to the material
Sandtray – figures – assign meaning ( arouse unconscious)
Transference and counter-transference- Jung
Projection
Negative (frustration is projected on to one another) and positive (Warm relationship)
Unique to Jung- analysis of projection - archetypal from collective unconscious
Course of change – Freud phase, not important phase, archetypal phase
