Unit 1 Personal and Professional aspects of counselling

Question 1

Psychiatrists

Answer 1

MD, Major psychological disorders; biopsychological focus; may prescribe medications; clients called patients

Question 2

Psychologists

Answer 2

PhD, EdD, PsyD Clinical, counseling, and school specialties; counseling psychology
Shares a long history with counselor education but is distinct

Question 3

Social Workers

Answer 3

MSW, Negotiates social systems and advocates for change; provides social services. understand habitats and niches.

Question 4

Credentialing counsellors

Answer 4

1. Inspection
2. Registration
3. Certification
4. Licensure

Question 5

Inspection

Answer 5

Process whereby a state agency periodically examines the activities of a profession’s practitioners. Ascertains whether professionals are practicing the profession in a fashion consistent with the public safety, health, and welfare.

Question 6

Registration

Answer 6

Process whereby practitioners voluntarily submit information to the state concerning the nature of their practice. A way to gain legal recognition for a profession from a state

Question 7

Certification

Answer 7

Process by which an agency or association grants recognition to an individual for having met certain predetermined professional qualifications. Broader than a state license, not subject to state politics, provides referrals, recognizes counseling specialties

Question 8

Licensure

Answer 8

Statutory process by which an agency of government, usually a state, grants permission to a person meeting predetermined qualifications to engage in a given occupation and/or use a particular title to perform specified functions. Protects the public from nonqualified mental health practitioners; recognizes a profession and its practices

Question 9

Attribution and system

Answer 9

Attribution is what the counselor attributes the cause of a client’s problem to. System is unified and organized set of ideas, principles, and behaviors. Systems associated with counseling are concerned with how the counselor approaches clients and are interrelated to attributes and theories. Based on developmental issues and based on the diagnosis of disorders,

Question 10

Attribution model (Kernes & McWhirter, 2001)

Answer 10

Medical: (Expert) Clients not blamed or held responsible for their problems; downside is
clients may become dependent on counselor
Moral: (Coach, motivator) Held responsible for causing and solving their problems.
Compensatory: (Teacher) seen as only responsible for solving but not causing their problems; partners with counsellors for solutions.
Enlightenment: (Authority figure) Clients held responsible for causing their problems but not solving them.

Question 11

Systems of counselling

Answer 11

Developmental/wellness vs medical/pathological

Question 12

Developmental/Wellness approach

Answer 12

To understand if the problem is developmental.
Allen Ivey: Piaget’s cognitive levels + clinical interviews. DCT
Wellness: Resilience, SFT, SIT
Stress of prevention and education.

Question 13

Medical/pathological approach

Answer 13

Based on DSM and ICD
atheoretical and frames mental disorders as dispositional; social problems arent shown; v severe cases.
common dialogue, check patterns, credibility

Question 14

Cognitive complexity

Answer 14

the ability to absorb, integrate, and make use of multiple perspectives. proportional to experience and degrees.

Question 15

How can counsellors stay up to date?

Answer 15

continuing education, advocacy and social justice

Question 16

Advocacy and social justice

Answer 16

can be defined simply as promoting an idea or a cause through public relations.
creating a society or institution that is based on the principles of equality, that values human rights, and that recognizes the dignity of every human being.

Question 17

Nice counsellor syndrome

Answer 17

do not exercise their needed roles as multicultural/social justice leaders, advocates, and change agents. The reason is that they are too focused on promoting harmony to move beyond the status quo. Such a stance reinforces inequities. Thus, part of being an advocate is for counselors to overcome fears of being rejected and personal discomforts.

Question 18

Ethics vs morality vs law

Answer 18

philosophical discipline that is concerned with human conduct and moral decision making
beliefs about behavior and conduct that guide professional practices
judgment or evaluation of action.
precise codification of governing standards that are established to ensure legal and moral justice

Question 19

Unethical behaviour examples

Answer 19

• Violation of confidentiality
• Exceeding one’s level of professional competence
• Negligent practice
• Claiming expertise one does not possess
• Imposing one’s values on a client
• Creating dependency in a client
• Sexual activity with a client
• Dual or multiple relationship
• Questionable financial arrangements, such as charging excessive fees
• Improper advertising
• Plagiarism

Question 20

Van Hoose and Kottler- Professional ethical codes

Answer 20

• protect from govt., public, and control internal diagreements

Question 21

Nine Main Sections of ACA

Answer 21

A. Counseling Relationship
B. Confidentially and Privacy in Counseling
C. Professional Responsibility
D. Relationships with Colleagues, Employers, and Employees
E. Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
F. Supervision, Training, and Teaching
G. Research and Publication
H. Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
I. Resolving Ethical Issues

Question 22

Limitations of Code of Ethics

Answer 22

• Some issues cannot be resolved by a code of ethics.
• Enforcing ethical codes is difficult.
• There may be conflicts within the standards delineated by the code.
• Some legal and ethical issues are not covered in codes.
• Ethical codes are historical documents. Thus, what may be acceptable practice at one time
  may be considered unethical later.
• Sometimes conflicts arise between ethical and legal codes.
• Ethical codes do not address cross-cultural issues.
• Ethical codes do not address every possible situation.
• There is often difficulty in bringing the interests of all parties involved in an ethical dispute together systematically.
• Ethical codes are not proactive documents for helping counselors decide what to do in new situations.

Question 23

Conflicts within and among the ethical codes

Answer 23

• ability to differentiate b/n ethical and normal situation
• conflicting guidelines
• Belonging to more than one organisation

Question 24

Common ethical dilemmas

Answer 24

(a) confidentiality, (b) role conflict, (c) counselor competence, (d) conflicts with employer or institution, and (e) degree of dangerousness.

Question 25

Ethical principles

Answer 25

• beneficence (doing good and preventing harm),
• nonmaleficence (not inflicting harm),
• autonomy (respecting freedom of choice and self-determination)
• justice (fairness),
• fidelity (faithfulness or honoring commitments and promises), and
• veracity (truthfulness)