Unit 3: Outcome 2 Flashcards
Relationships of the first non Indigenous settlers
Perceptions
Europeans arrived in 1788, and they believed that God had created the world for humans to use and control.
They were contempt, believing all this British were superior.
They thought the Australian landscape was harsh and ugly and that they needed to improve it. They owned the land.
They saw the land as a resource and didn’t care about how the aboriginals looked after the land. Instead they wanted to clear forests, put up fences and introduce new animals
Relationships of the first non Indigenous settlers
Perceptions
Fear, opportunity and save
Fear: Australian land was to wild to control
Opportunity: They believed the land was terra nullius and they wanted to fix the land.
Save: they had to save the land by farming, building and taming it
Relationships of the first non Indigenous settlers
Interactions
Forest clearing, water quality and introduction of species
Relationships of the first non Indigenous settlers
Forest clearing
Necessary to build houses for Australia’s increasing population. Also native trees could be replaced with familiar English gardens
Relationships of the first non Indigenous settlers
Water quality
Settlers built close to waterways which caused pollution
Relationships of the first non Indigenous settlers
Introduction of species
Settlers introduced many foreign species of animals and plants such as rabbit, foxes and blackberries
Relationships of the first non Indigenous settlers
Impacts
The sheep were hard hoofed and aggressive grazers which in combination with land clearing cause soil erosion and loss of quality pasture with deep rooted perennial grasses disappearing from many areas.
Forest clearing: Australian native flora and fauna was being cleared which also destroyed the faun as habitat.
Species: the introduction of new species caused disease to spread, killing Australian animals and people
Impacts that the first non indigenous settlers had on Wilsons prom
Sealing
Began in 1798 at the prom at sealers cove.
Seals were valued for their fur and blubber.
They thought there was an abundant supply and there were no regulations on catch sizes.
By 1830s most seals had been killed and the industry died off
Impacts that the first non indigenous settlers had on Wilsons prom
Whaling
Occurred at the same time but continued again in 1841-1847.
Whales were seen as a threat to early settlers.
Whale number declined and whaling became unsustainable.
Cutting timber for firewood to burn down blubber and clearing at different locations
Impacts that the first non indigenous settlers had on Wilsons prom
Logging
Occurred at different locations during 1849-1920.
With many people working on the goldfields the demand for timber was high.
Soil disturbance.
Clearing of vegetation.
Loss of old growth trees and habitats for wildlife.
A small town established in sealers cove consisted of 61 people. A railway line was made to remove timber and seal fur to Melbourne and Sydney.
Impacts that the first non indigenous settlers had on Wilsons prom
Farming
Sheep and cattle grazing occurred at various places in Wilsons prom from the 1850-1992 where it was phased out.
Saw the proms natural grasslands as ideal pasture for their stock.
Cattle altered the structure of native vegetation (trampling and grazing)
Formation of tracks. Weed dispersal
increasing population
Gold rush
The population of Victoria doubled from the first discovery in 1851-1858.
Melbourne, Ballarat, Geelong and Bendigo also had an enormous increase in population. This increase put a huge strain on resources
Increasing population
Gold rush impacts
Deforestation, redirection of water, erosion, habitat loss, infrastructure
Increasing population
Gold rush impacts
Deforestation
Timber is needed quickly for housing, fuel and tools
Increasing population
Gold rush impacts
Redirection of water
Water is needed for panning, cradling, washing, cooking and drinking
Increasing population
Gold rush impacts
Erosion
Due to trees being cut down
Increasing population
Gold rush impacts
Habitat loss
Nothing really lived on the goldfields
Increasing population
Gold rush impacts
Infrastructure
People required housing, sewage, shops, pathways, roads etc which was all built on existing natural environments
Increasing population
Phillip island
Mchaffies brothers 1842.
Rented the island and introduced new species to it, dividing it up for farming.
Framing practices occurred having a negative impact on the land. They cleared the trees
Industrialisation
Late 1800- early 1900s
Industrialisation
Phillip island
People began to build larger infrastructure. Farming occurred on a larger scale because more people were farming, meaning more was being destroyed.
Chicory kilns opened and business increased.
Tourism also increased and penguins were discovered. Tourism had negative impacts
Industrialisation
Wilsonsprom
1800s field naturalists started visiting Wilsons prom to record and assess the native flora and fauna.
Nation building
The great ocean road
Perceptions
Australia was seen as a blank canvas. They no longer feared the environment. They had a strong desire to create a prosperous nation.
Nation building
The great ocean road
Built by 3000 returned soldiers from 1919-1932. 243 kms long.
Initially built as a memorial but also had the purpose of connecting isolated communities to tourism.
Nation building
The great ocean road
Interactions
Farming, mining, logging and ongoing expansion of towns and cities continued during this time.
Development of a natural transportation network- allowing easier interstate transport of people and goods.
Road networks developed
Nation building
The great ocean road
Impacts
Road and rail- impacted the land from increasing industrial, urban and commercial practices. (Postive- easier to access outdoor environments)
Water- reduction and change of flow in alpine areas.
New species- continued to worsen
Nation building
Phillip island
Perceptions
They could build a nation out of Australia
Nation building
Phillip island
Interactions
1927- the first road was built= residents took tourists to see baby penguins.
1939- the first bridge was built and people began to recognise their negative impacts on the environment.
4 hectares of land was given to the people of Victoria for the protection of the little penguins.
Nation building
Phillip island
Impacts
Increased tourism- negative
Protecting the penguins
- positive
The wilderness society
Established in 1976
It’s purpose was to protect, pro,let and restore wilderness areas.
Not for profit, non political affiliations, community based and had a non violence policy.
Best know for their successful comparing of saving the Franklin river in tassie.
Supports indigenous land and sea rights
The wilderness society funding
Provided by members who paid membership and regular donations to support their work. Also got fund from public fundraising and donations
Lake peddler campaign
The south west commitee formed as a result of a meeting held in Hobart in November 1962.
Formed to protest damming.
Changed their name to the wilderness society and the campaign influenced the way people perceived nature.
Unsuccessful
Industrialisation
Wilsonsprom
Perceptions
The natural beauty was seen as unique and worthy for protection.
The naturalist societies sent a deputation to the minister of lands asking for the reservation of the promontory
Industrialisation
Wilsonsprom
Impacts
Permanent reservation of 75000 acres in 1905. Gradual phasing out of commercial activities
Lake peddler campaign
Perceptions
The residence of Tasmania believed the lakes and dams were more of a symbol for the environment than of economic use.
People thought the hydroelectricity commission would never go inside a nation park and look for rivers to dam
Lake peddler campaign
Interactions
1963- the Commonwealth government planned to build a highway to lake peddler which meant easy access.
The hydroelectric commission successfully dammed the lake in 1973.
Lake peddler campaign
Impacts
The damming of lake peddler resulted in huge debt, less creation and exactly what the commission wanted.
Today people still search for what they lost
Franklins campaign
Perceptions
Initially it was unknown, very remote and largely inaccessible.
Hydroelectric commission saw it as a resource to be used.
Now seen as one of the most iconic wilderness environments
Franklins campaign
Interactions
Tasmanian HEC announced their plans to damn the river in 1978.
The Tasmanian society was split 70% for 30% against.
Publicity raised awareness for the environment. The issue was brought to the high court
Franklins campaign
Impacts
The campaign to stop the damming made it an iconic environment.
1983- the high court ruled that the federal government was in its constitutional rights to protect it.
Victory
