Unit 3 - Nuclear Chemistry - Intro and Radioactive Decay - Regents Flashcards
What does nuclear chemistry deal with?
Properties of Radioactive Substances
What are radioactive characteristics of a substance determined by?
Behavior of the Nucleus
Definition of Nuclear
Involving the nucleus
(Protons and Neutrons)
Definition of Radioactivity
To become more stable, isotope releases radiation
What did Marie Curie discover? (2)
- Spontaneous disintegration
- Of some elements into smaller pieces
What is the ratio of N:P that determines stability? How does it determine stability? (3)
- 1.5:1
- If N:P < or equal to 1.5:1, it’s stable
- N:P > 1.5:1, it’s radioactive
What are the four types of radioactive particles?
Alpha
Beta
Positron
Gamma
What are alpha particles?
Mass, Make - Up, Charge
Mass - 4
Makeup - 2 Protons and 2 Neutrons
Charge - 2+
What are beta particles
Mass, Make - Up, Charge
Mass - 1/1837 (0)
Makeup - 1 electron
Charge - 1-
(Basically, a beta particle is an electron)
What are Gamma Rays? (2)
- Photons of electromagnetic energy
- Chargless and Massless Wave
What are positrons?
Mass, Makeup and Charge
Mass: 1/1837 (0)
Makeup: Antimatter Electron
Charge: 1+
What is an antimatter electron?
Has everything in common with an electron except its positive charge
What happens when a positron and electron meet? (2)
- Annihalate each other
- Release E in form of gamma rays
What are the penetration powers of alpha beta and gamma?
- Alpha - Cannot pass through the pores of paper due to its large size
- Beta - Cannot pass through the pores of aluminum
- Gamma - Cannot pass through the pores of lead
Are neutrons and protons nuclear particles?
Yes, both neutrons and protons are considered nuclear particles.
Definition of Transmutation
To become stable, element becomes another
What elements have stable and unstable isotopes? (2)
- Elements 1 - 83 can be both stable and unstable
- All isotopes of elements above 83 are radioactive
What is natrual transmutation? (2)
- Occurs spontaneously nature
- No stimulants are added
What is artificial transmutation? (2)
- Atomic nuclei are bombarded in a lab
- Stimulants are added
How do particle accelerators work? (2)
- Shoots particles fast enough
- To target and penetrate the nucleus
What is a nuclear reaction? (4)
Process, Process, Result, Result
- Unstable nuclei interact
- Change in element
- Energy is Emmitted
- Increase stablity
What is a nuclear reaction also called?
Radioactive Decay
Electron from the Nucleus
Beta
Most Penetrating
Gamma Ray
Fastest
Gamma Ray
No mass
Gamma Ray
Heaviest
Alpha
Rutherford Bullets
Alpha
Identical to a helium nucleus
Alpha
When this particle is released, atomic number is increased by 1
Beta
When this particle is released, atomic number decreases by 2
Alpha
What are the 5 different methods an unstable element become stable?
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Electron Capture
- Positron Decay
- Gamma Decay
What is alpha decay? (3)
Process, Emmition, Result
- Loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
- Unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle
- Z decreases by 2 and A decreases by 4
What is beta decay? (3)
Process, Emmition, Result
- Neutron is converted into a proton
- Unstable nucleus emits a beta particle
- No change in A, and increase in Z by 1
What is electron capture? (3)
Cause, Process, Result
- Unstable nucleus absorbs its own e-
- e- combines with p+ to convert into a n
- A stays the same, Z decreases by 1
What is positron decay? (3)
Process, Emmition, Result
- Proton is converted into a neutron
- Unstable nucleus excited positive energy or positron
- Z decreases by 1, and A stays the same
What is Gamma Decay?
Process, Result
- If nucleus is still unstable, it will release excess energy
- In form of gamma rays
What takes a stable nucleus and turns it into an unstable one?
Artificial Transmutation
What conditions are needed to form He - 4 during a fusion reaction in the Sun?
High pressure and High Temperature
Why does the sum of masses of the products are slightly less than the sum of the masses of reactants in a fission and fusion reaction?
Missing Mass was converted to Energy