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Advanced Chemistry > Unit 3 - Nuclear Chemistry - Intro and Radioactive Decay > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Nuclear Chemistry - Intro and Radioactive Decay Flashcards

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1
Q

What does nuclear chemistry deal with?

A

Properties of Radioactive Substances

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2
Q

What are radioactive characteristics of a substance determined by?

A

Behavior of the Nucleus

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3
Q

Definition of Nuclear

A

Involving the nucleus
(Protons and Neutrons)

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4
Q

Definition of Radioactivity

A

To become more stable, isotope releases radiation

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5
Q

What did Marie Curie discover? (2)

A
  1. Spontaneous disintegration
  2. Of some elements into smaller pieces
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6
Q

What is the ratio of N:P that determines stability? How does it determine stability? (3)

A
  1. 1.5:1
  2. If N:P < or equal to 1.5:1, it’s stable
  3. N:P > 1.5:1, it’s radioactive
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7
Q

What are the four types of radioactive particles?

A

Alpha
Beta
Positron
Gamma

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8
Q

What are alpha particles?

Mass, Make - Up, Charge

A

Mass - 4
Makeup - 2 Protons and 2 Neutrons
Charge - 2+

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9
Q

What are beta particles

Mass, Make - Up, Charge

A

Mass - 1/1837 (0)
Makeup - 1 electron
Charge - 1-

(Basically, a beta particle is an electron)

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10
Q

What are Gamma Rays? (2)

A
  1. Photons of electromagnetic energy
  2. Chargless and Massless Wave
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11
Q

What are positrons?

Mass, Makeup and Charge

A

Mass: 1/1837 (0)
Makeup: Antimatter Electron
Charge: 1+

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12
Q

What is an antimatter electron?

A

Has everything in common with an electron except its positive charge

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13
Q

What happens when a positron and electron meet? (2)

A
  1. Annihalate each other
  2. Release E in form of gamma rays
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14
Q

What are the penetration powers of alpha beta and gamma?

A
  1. Alpha - Cannot pass through the pores of paper due to its large size
  2. Beta - Cannot pass through the pores of aluminum
  3. Gamma - Cannot pass through the pores of lead
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15
Q

Are neutrons and protons nuclear particles?

A

Yes, both neutrons and protons are considered nuclear particles.

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16
Q

Definition of Transmutation

A

To become stable, element becomes another

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17
Q

What elements have stable and unstable isotopes? (2)

A
  1. Elements 1 - 83 can be both stable and unstable
  2. All isotopes of elements above 83 are radioactive
18
Q

What is natrual transmutation? (2)

A
  1. Occurs spontaneously nature
  2. No stimulants are added
19
Q

What is artificial transmutation? (2)

A
  1. Atomic nuclei are bombarded in a lab
  2. Stimulants are added
20
Q

How do particle accelerators work? (2)

A
  1. Shoots particles fast enough
  2. To target and penetrate the nucleus
21
Q

What is a nuclear reaction? (4)

Process, Process, Result, Result

A
  1. Unstable nuclei interact
  2. Change in element
  3. Energy is Emmitted
  4. Increase stablity
22
Q

What is a nuclear reaction also called?

A

Radioactive Decay

23
Q

Electron from the Nucleus

A

Beta

24
Q

Most Penetrating

A

Gamma Ray

25
Q

Fastest

A

Gamma Ray

26
Q

No mass

A

Gamma Ray

26
Q

Heaviest

A

Alpha

27
Q

Rutherford Bullets

A

Alpha

28
Q

Identical to a helium nucleus

A

Alpha

29
Q

When this particle is released, atomic number is increased by 1

A

Beta

30
Q

When this particle is released, atomic number decreases by 2

A

Alpha

31
Q

What are the 5 different methods an unstable element become stable?

A
  1. Alpha Decay
  2. Beta Decay
  3. Electron Capture
  4. Positron Decay
  5. Gamma Decay
32
Q

What is alpha decay? (3)
Process, Emmition, Result

A
  1. Loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
  2. Unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle
  3. Z decreases by 2 and A decreases by 4
33
Q

What is beta decay? (3)
Process, Emmition, Result

A
  1. Neutron is converted into a proton
  2. Unstable nucleus emits a beta particle
  3. No change in A, and increase in Z by 1
34
Q

What is electron capture? (3)
Cause, Process, Result

A
  1. Unstable nucleus absorbs its own e-
  2. e- combines with p+ to convert into a n
  3. A stays the same, Z decreases by 1
35
Q

What is positron decay? (3)
Process, Emmition, Result

A
  1. Proton is converted into a neutron
  2. Unstable nucleus excited positive energy or positron
  3. Z decreases by 1, and A stays the same
36
Q

What is Gamma Decay?
Process, Result

A
  1. If nucleus is still unstable, it will release excess energy
  2. In form of gamma rays
37
Q

What takes a stable nucleus and turns it into an unstable one?

A

Artificial Transmutation

38
Q

What conditions are needed to form He - 4 during a fusion reaction in the Sun?

A

High pressure and High Temperature

39
Q

Why does the sum of masses of the products are slightly less than the sum of the masses of reactants in a fission and fusion reaction?

A

Missing Mass was converted to Energy

Advanced Chemistry (15 decks)

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