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Oceans > Unit 3 Notes > Flashcards

Unit 3 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is happening to demand for resources?

A

It’s increasing due to growing global population.

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2
Q

What is the ocean floor a source of?

A

Both mineral and fossil fuel resources.

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3
Q

What is happening to land based resources?

A

They’re being exhausted, as increasing attention is being paid to the oceans.

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4
Q

Which type of people are growing?

A

Affluent urban populations, driving up demand for key mineral resources.

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5
Q

Which products are increasing demand for nickel, manganese, and cobalt?

A

New products such as electric cars, and battery products.

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6
Q

What is the clarion Clipperton zone?

A

An area which is rich in deposits between Hawaii and Mexico.

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7
Q

What is the international Seabed Authority?

A

Issues exploratory licences to companies who wish to explore the seabed for minerals in international waters.

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8
Q

Why do many scientists have concerns over mining the sea floor?

A

It could kill animals we haven’t discovered yet.

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9
Q

What are the arguments for seafloor mining?

A

Helps the world meet need for critical minerals, less environmental hazards, as it’s not on land, won’t impact communities.

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10
Q

What are the arguments against seafloor mining?

A

Direct Harm to marine life, long term disruption to ecosystems, impact on food security.

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11
Q

Where is a lot of recoverable oil and gas found?

A

In shallow waters, associated with the continental shelf.

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12
Q

What does the distribution of recoverable oil and gas lead to?

A

Unequal economic development opportunities, as some countries who have resources can access oil and gas, others can’t.

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13
Q

Which countries have fought over the Falkland islands in the past?

A

Argentina, France, Spain, the UK.

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14
Q

Since when have they been in British control?

A

The 1840’s, were invaded by Argentina in 1982, over 900 people lost their lives.

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15
Q

How many barrels of oil sit under the seabed around the Falklands?

A

Up to 60 Billion, within the EEZ.

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16
Q

What has happened to the islands since 2010?

A

Licences have been issued by Britain for oil companies to carry out exploratory drilling.

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17
Q

What did Argentina say about the islands in 2010?

A

That it’s still theirs.

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18
Q

What is the background of the South China sea?

A

It has become a point of tension between China and other nations, due to sovereignty over the Spratly islands.

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19
Q

Why is this a point of dispute?

A

Most of the islands are in the EEZ’s of surrounding nations, The Philippines, and Indonesia. China claims the nine dash line.

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20
Q

Which islands are claimed by China?

A

Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Johnson Reef.

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21
Q

What is China trying to do to these islands?

A

Militarise them, building ports and air bases.

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22
Q

Why is the South China sea economically important?

A

Whoever claims ownership can get fish from the region. China will want to feed their population.

23
Q

What did the International court rule in 2016?

A

China isn’t allowed to be in the area, because of historical claims.

24
Q

Why could political tension in this region rise in the future?

A

Other countries being involved could lead to conflict. such as the USA and Taiwan.

25
Q

Why is the Arctic ocean important economically?

A

Oil and gas due to ice melting, hydrocarbons, fish.

26
Q

How many countries have EEZ’s which extend into the Arctic ocean?

A

Six.

27
Q

Why has there been growing tension in this region?`

A

Growing economic opportunities from climate change, reducing the extent of permanent sea ice.

28
Q

How did Russia try to lay claim to territory in the Arctic ocean?

A

Dropped a canister with a Russian flag into the ocean in 2007.

29
Q

What % of the world undiscovered oil and gas is in the arctic ocean?

A

30% of oil, 15% of gas.

30
Q

Why is competition for oil and gas increasing?

A

After polar ice caps melt, ships can sail through the Arctic.

31
Q

Which countries have expanded their Arctic bases because of this/

A

Denmark, Russia, China.

32
Q

What have Russian submarines been doing in the region?

A

Practising breaking the ice on the surface of the sea.

33
Q

What have Canada been doing in the region?

A

New naval refuel bases.

34
Q

What have US submarines been doing in the area?

A

Use ice regularly for combat.

35
Q

What is China using the base for?

A

Research.

36
Q

How many inhabitants does the Arctic have?

A

4 Million.

37
Q

How many of these people are classed as indigenous?

A

500,000.

38
Q

Why have minority indigenous communities been affected?

A

By dominant cultures.

39
Q

What has in-migration of people caused?

A

Has increased pressure on local people, and fragile arctic environments.

40
Q

What is the way of life of the Arctic people?

A

A subsistence way of life - hunting natural resources.

41
Q

Why are resources accessible to the indigenous being lost?

A

The growth of fossil fuel extraction, effects of climate change.

42
Q

What are the injustices that the Gwich’in face?

A

Could threaten food security, disturb survival of the herd, cause damage to the Arctic ecosystem, impact infrastructure, harm local wildlife.

43
Q

How many countries are landlocked, and how many of these are developing?

A

45/193, 32/45 are landlocked.

44
Q

How many of the countries with the lowest HDI are landlocked?

A

8/15 - In Africa, landlocked nations have a GDP per capita 40% lower than maritime neighbours.

45
Q

What are the issues facing landlocked countries?

A

Lack of access to global markets, lack of trade routes, less FDI, tariffs, no EEZ, lack of navy, increased transport costs.

46
Q

Why is a coastline not a guarantee of economic development?

A

There may be other factors such as geopolitics, the amount of natural resources in a country, civil war.

47
Q

What do landlocked countries have the right to?

A

Access to and from the ocean via neighbouring transit states.

48
Q

How should Bolivia be able to access the ocean?

A

Through Chile.

49
Q

What happened in 1904?

A

War of the pacific, a dispute between Bolivia and Chile.

50
Q

What are the ongoing issues between Bolivia and Chile?

A

A strike by Chilean officials caused a 12 mile queue long in Bolivia. Chilean border officials extract bribes to ensure smooth transit of goods.

51
Q

What happened to Bolivia in 2018?

A

They applied to the International court of Justice, to regain access to its’ coastline, court rules against Bolivia.

52
Q

What is the poorest country in South America?

A

Bolivia.

53
Q

What did Peru and Bolivia agree to in 2010?

A

Agreed that Bolivia could use Peruvian ports to access global markets.

54
Q

Why is this deal significant for Bolivia?

A

Increased trade access, easier routes for exports and imports. Reduced dependency on Chile, encourages infrastructure investment, Bolivia can export metals such as silver and tin.

Oceans (7 decks)

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