Unit 3 Notes

Question 1

What is happening to demand for resources?

Answer 1

It’s increasing due to growing global population.

Question 2

What is the ocean floor a source of?

Answer 2

Both mineral and fossil fuel resources.

Question 3

What is happening to land based resources?

Answer 3

They’re being exhausted, as increasing attention is being paid to the oceans.

Question 4

Which type of people are growing?

Answer 4

Affluent urban populations, driving up demand for key mineral resources.

Question 5

Which products are increasing demand for nickel, manganese, and cobalt?

Answer 5

New products such as electric cars, and battery products.

Question 6

What is the clarion Clipperton zone?

Answer 6

An area which is rich in deposits between Hawaii and Mexico.

Question 7

What is the international Seabed Authority?

Answer 7

Issues exploratory licences to companies who wish to explore the seabed for minerals in international waters.

Question 8

Why do many scientists have concerns over mining the sea floor?

Answer 8

It could kill animals we haven’t discovered yet.

Question 9

What are the arguments for seafloor mining?

Answer 9

Helps the world meet need for critical minerals, less environmental hazards, as it’s not on land, won’t impact communities.

Question 10

What are the arguments against seafloor mining?

Answer 10

Direct Harm to marine life, long term disruption to ecosystems, impact on food security.

Question 11

Where is a lot of recoverable oil and gas found?

Answer 11

In shallow waters, associated with the continental shelf.

Question 12

What does the distribution of recoverable oil and gas lead to?

Answer 12

Unequal economic development opportunities, as some countries who have resources can access oil and gas, others can’t.

Question 13

Which countries have fought over the Falkland islands in the past?

Answer 13

Argentina, France, Spain, the UK.

Question 14

Since when have they been in British control?

Answer 14

The 1840’s, were invaded by Argentina in 1982, over 900 people lost their lives.

Question 15

How many barrels of oil sit under the seabed around the Falklands?

Answer 15

Up to 60 Billion, within the EEZ.

Question 16

What has happened to the islands since 2010?

Answer 16

Licences have been issued by Britain for oil companies to carry out exploratory drilling.

Question 17

What did Argentina say about the islands in 2010?

Answer 17

That it’s still theirs.

Question 18

What is the background of the South China sea?

Answer 18

It has become a point of tension between China and other nations, due to sovereignty over the Spratly islands.

Question 19

Why is this a point of dispute?

Answer 19

Most of the islands are in the EEZ’s of surrounding nations, The Philippines, and Indonesia. China claims the nine dash line.

Question 20

Which islands are claimed by China?

Answer 20

Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Johnson Reef.

Question 21

What is China trying to do to these islands?

Answer 21

Militarise them, building ports and air bases.

Question 22

Why is the South China sea economically important?

Answer 22

Whoever claims ownership can get fish from the region. China will want to feed their population.

Question 23

What did the International court rule in 2016?

Answer 23

China isn’t allowed to be in the area, because of historical claims.

Question 24

Why could political tension in this region rise in the future?

Answer 24

Other countries being involved could lead to conflict. such as the USA and Taiwan.

Question 25

Why is the Arctic ocean important economically?

Answer 25

Oil and gas due to ice melting, hydrocarbons, fish.

Question 26

How many countries have EEZ's which extend into the Arctic ocean?

Answer 26

Six.

Question 27

Why has there been growing tension in this region?`

Answer 27

Growing economic opportunities from climate change, reducing the extent of permanent sea ice.

Question 28

How did Russia try to lay claim to territory in the Arctic ocean?

Answer 28

Dropped a canister with a Russian flag into the ocean in 2007.

Question 29

What % of the world undiscovered oil and gas is in the arctic ocean?

Answer 29

30% of oil, 15% of gas.

Question 30

Why is competition for oil and gas increasing?

Answer 30

After polar ice caps melt, ships can sail through the Arctic.

Question 31

Which countries have expanded their Arctic bases because of this/

Answer 31

Denmark, Russia, China.

Question 32

What have Russian submarines been doing in the region?

Answer 32

Practising breaking the ice on the surface of the sea.

Question 33

What have Canada been doing in the region?

Answer 33

New naval refuel bases.

Question 34

What have US submarines been doing in the area?

Answer 34

Use ice regularly for combat.

Question 35

What is China using the base for?

Answer 35

Research.

Question 36

How many inhabitants does the Arctic have?

Answer 36

4 Million.

Question 37

How many of these people are classed as indigenous?

Answer 37

500,000.

Question 38

Why have minority indigenous communities been affected?

Answer 38

By dominant cultures.

Question 39

What has in-migration of people caused?

Answer 39

Has increased pressure on local people, and fragile arctic environments.

Question 40

What is the way of life of the Arctic people?

Answer 40

A subsistence way of life - hunting natural resources.

Question 41

Why are resources accessible to the indigenous being lost?

Answer 41

The growth of fossil fuel extraction, effects of climate change.

Question 42

What are the injustices that the Gwich'in face?

Answer 42

Could threaten food security, disturb survival of the herd, cause damage to the Arctic ecosystem, impact infrastructure, harm local wildlife.

Question 43

How many countries are landlocked, and how many of these are developing?

Answer 43

45/193, 32/45 are landlocked.

Question 44

How many of the countries with the lowest HDI are landlocked?

Answer 44

8/15 - In Africa, landlocked nations have a GDP per capita 40% lower than maritime neighbours.

Question 45

What are the issues facing landlocked countries?

Answer 45

Lack of access to global markets, lack of trade routes, less FDI, tariffs, no EEZ, lack of navy, increased transport costs.

Question 46

Why is a coastline not a guarantee of economic development?

Answer 46

There may be other factors such as geopolitics, the amount of natural resources in a country, civil war.

Question 47

What do landlocked countries have the right to?

Answer 47

Access to and from the ocean via neighbouring transit states.

Question 48

How should Bolivia be able to access the ocean?

Answer 48

Through Chile.

Question 49

What happened in 1904?

Answer 49

War of the pacific, a dispute between Bolivia and Chile.

Question 50

What are the ongoing issues between Bolivia and Chile?

Answer 50

A strike by Chilean officials caused a 12 mile queue long in Bolivia. Chilean border officials extract bribes to ensure smooth transit of goods.

Question 51

What happened to Bolivia in 2018?

Answer 51

They applied to the International court of Justice, to regain access to its' coastline, court rules against Bolivia.

Question 52

What is the poorest country in South America?

Answer 52

Bolivia.

Question 53

What did Peru and Bolivia agree to in 2010?

Answer 53

Agreed that Bolivia could use Peruvian ports to access global markets.

Question 54

Why is this deal significant for Bolivia?

Answer 54

Increased trade access, easier routes for exports and imports. Reduced dependency on Chile, encourages infrastructure investment, Bolivia can export metals such as silver and tin.