Unit 1 Notes

Question 1

What is the importance of Oceans?

Answer 1

Provide drinking water, provides oxygen, stores carbon.

Question 2

What is the use of Oceans?

Answer 2

Provide natural resources, breakdown waste and pollution, reduce damage from storms.

Question 3

What are the problems facing Oceans?

Answer 3

Overfishing, illegal fishing, oceans warming - climate change.

Question 4

What % of the world did the UK rule over at its’ peak?

Answer 4

25%.

Question 5

Why were oceans important during this time?

Answer 5

Established trade routes of commodities around the world, control of strategic trade routes and ports to maintain dominance of regions.

Question 6

What were the main trading countries during the British empire?

Answer 6

USA, Mexico, Jamaica, India, Philippines, Japan, Brazil, Peru.

Question 7

What were the main goods transported during the British empire?

Answer 7

Slaves, coffee, sugar, textiles, shoes, clothes.

Question 8

Which major port cities grew in the UK during this time?

Answer 8

Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, London, Southampton.

Question 9

How does Britain still have a link with Commonwealth countries?

Answer 9

They speak English, the King is the head of state, Commonwealth games.

Question 10

What is Global governance?

Answer 10

Relates to laws, codes and regulations that apply at an international level.

Question 11

Why do Oceans need to be governed?

Answer 11

Countries could take over oceans, could reduce biodiversity, pollution needs to be regulated.

Question 12

Which institutions have been created for global governance of oceans?

Answer 12

United Nations, European Union, G7, G20, G77, NATO.

Question 13

What is the United Nations?

Answer 13

193 member states who maintain worldwide peace and security, acting to develop relations among nations.

Question 14

What is the European Union?

Answer 14

Promote greater social, political, and economic harmony.

Question 15

What is the G7?

Answer 15

The largest, most advanced economies meeting to discuss economics, security and energy.

Question 16

What is the G20?

Answer 16

Discuss ways to strengthen the global economy, improving regulation.

Question 17

What is the G77?

Answer 17

77 Developing countries, promoting their economic interests.

Question 18

What is NATO?

Answer 18

Formal alliance between North America and Europe. Guarantees freedom and security of members.

Question 19

What is a law?

Answer 19

Legally binding contract which countries must abide to. May be penalties imposed if they’re not abided to.

Question 20

What is an agreement?

Answer 20

Negotiated arrangement between parties on a course of action - may not be legally binding.

Question 21

What is UNCLOS?

Answer 21

United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea. Tries to solve global pressure around potential conflict of oceans, resources, covering 7 key areas.

Question 22

What 7 key areas do UNCLOS cover?

Answer 22

Navigational rights, territorial sea limits, economic jurisdiction, legal status of resources on the seabed, passage of ships through narrow straits, conservation and management of living marine resources, binding procedure for settlement of disputes between states.

Question 23

What else does UNCLOS have the power to do?

Answer 23

Set the limits of areas of proximity of coastal states.

Question 24

What are the limits of global common?

Answer 24

Landward of baseline.

Question 25

What are the limits of territorial waters?

Answer 25

Up to 12 NM.

Question 26

What are the limits of contiguous Zones?

Answer 26

Up to 24 NM.

Question 27

What are the limits of Exclusive Economic Zones?

Answer 27

Up to 200 NM.

Question 28

What are the limits of a Continental Shelf?

Answer 28

Up to 350 NM.

Question 29

What was the most important zone established under UNCLOS?

Answer 29

The Exclusive Economic Zone.

Question 30

Why is the EEZ the most important?

Answer 30

It gives rights to nations to exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all the resources within ocean waters.

Question 31

Why is sovereignty over islands a contested issue?

Answer 31

Because different countries want access to the ocean, islands are harder to claim, as some are close together. Ownership of the island in contested, as countries can own 200 miles of resources around an island.

Question 32

What are the UN’s sustainable development goals?

Answer 32

Adopted in 2015, set clear targets for 2030.

Question 33

What are the main sustainable issues facing oceans?

Answer 33

Marine pollution, Average PH of the ocean is 8.1, 30% more acidic than the pre-industrial era, ocean warming, plastic pollution, depletion of fish stocks.

Question 34

How can individuals reduce their impact on the oceans?

Answer 34

Reducing use of single use plastics, sustainable seafood choices, beach clean ups, education for more people.

Question 35

What is CITES?

Answer 35

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Question 36

What is the key information of CITES?

Answer 36

Signed by 183 countries, came into force in 1975. 5800 species of animals - 30000 species of plants are protected.

Question 37

What is the first appendix of protection?

Answer 37

Species threatened with extinction - Mediterranean monk seals, Antarctic minke whale, Irrawaddy dolphins.

Question 38

What is the second appendix of protection?

Answer 38

Species which require trade to be controlled to avoid over-utilisation. Southern Elephant seal, great hammerhead shark, seahorses.

Question 39

What is the third appendix of protection?

Answer 39

Protected species in at least one country. Brown sea country - Ecuador. Zebra pleco catfish - Brazil.