Unit 3 - National Interests Flashcards
What are national interests?
Specific goals of a nation. Could be cultural, political, economic, religious, or military related.
What is a internationalist?
Their interests are related to the goals of the world’s citizens.
What is a nationalist?
Concerned with the wellbeing of own country’s citizens.
What is soverignty?
A nation’s right to govern itself, and its land. This is recognized by other nation.
Case study: Canada’s northern sovereignty. What are Canada’s goals?
Promote stability through peace + reduce carbon emissions.
Why is Canada interested in the arctic?
World’s largest oil reserves, preservation of territory, and indigenous groups in the arctic.
How can Canada achieve its national interests regarding the arctic?
Building a military base, resolving land problems with aboriginal peoples, moving goods though the Northwest passage, and through expanding development + resource discovery.
Which country is already accessing resources in the north (arctic)?
Russia.
Who has offered Canada help to defend the north?
In 2021, Britain has offered Canada help.
What were the ideas regarding nationalism in the 19th to 20th centuries?
Loyalty should be to a nation of people with a common culture.
How were nation-states developed in the 19-20th century?
People with commonalities, like religion/language, came together.
What are some bonds that create a nation-state?
Ethnicity, language, culture, and history (common past experience).
National interest: What is economic prosperity, security +safety, and beliefs + values?
Employment, standard of living, passing laws, making treaties; protecting citizens, securing borders, resolving issues with other countries; affirming the beliefs of its citizens, ensuring quality of life, and concern for land + environment.
What is the Congress of Vienna (1815)?
Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia re-drew borders, which was influenced by the Napoleonic wars. Nationalism was ignored for peace preservation by creating power balance. (Each nation would have equal power + monarchs were brought back) Germany and Italy were divided.
What was the age of revolution in Europe?
Every nation went through a revolution during 1820-1850.
Who ruled the parts of Italy before Italian unitfication?
1815, Italy was still divided and Austria riled Venetia and Lombardy. Spanish riled the two Sicilies, and the Pope controlled the Papal states.
Who were the leaders in the Italian unification?
Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour.
Who is Mazzini?
He formed a nationalist group in 1832, and wanted to unify Italy on the basis of culture + language. His nationalist movement, Risorgimento, failed in 1848, and the leaders were exiled.
Who is Cavour?
He would unify the North, and he used diplomacy + alliances to do so. He was the PM of Piedmont Sardinia.
Who is Garibalidi?
Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group), and he gained control of Sicily in 1860. He unified the south and was pressured to merge with the north.
Who is Victor Emmanuel 1?
In 1861, Italy unified and placed him as king.
Even though Cavour died…?
He was happy that Italy was unified.
How was the Italian unification achieved?
It was achieved through diplomacy and timing, rather than military greatness.
What were the challenges after unification?
Italy was poor, there were riots in the south, and problems with the different ways of life + dialects. There were problems with the industrial north, and the agricultural south. Disorganized politics led to instability.
How did Napoleon impact Germany?
He took lots of German land, and put them under French rule. He makes changes to German territorial states, and even though German initially liked his policies, extreme nationalism rose.
What was the German confederation?
German states made this confederation, and Austria + Prussia dominated it.
Who was Otto Von Bismarck and what were his policies?
He was the PM of Prussia, and a nationalist. His policies revolved around unifying the German people through geography, language, and culture. He will eventually become the 1st chancellor.
What is realpolitik? (Bismarck)
No idealism, only realism. This was Bismarck’s policy.
What is the policy of blood + iron? (Bismarck)
Blood: Wars of unification; Iron: Industrial + Imperial expansion. This was Bismarck’s policy.
How did the balance of power shift (Europe with Germany’s rise)?
In 1871, Germany and Britain become the most powerful countries. Power balance is destroyed.
What were the underlying causes of WW1?
German unification, militarism, alliances, and imperialism.
What is the relation between nationalism and WW1?
Countries fought to keep or retain their national prestige.
What was the Berlin conference (1885)?
Divided Africa between colonies, and created competition between European nations.
What did Russia want from WW1?
They wanted their redemption after a humiliating loss to Japan.
What did Serbia want from WW1?
They wanted to be recognized as an independent country.
What did Germany want from WW1?
They wanted to profess that they were a dominant power.
What did Austria-Hungary want from WW1?
Wanted to keep control over their empire.
What did the UK want from WW1?
Wanted to keep supremacy over other European nations.
What did France want from WW1?
They wanted revenge for the Franco-Prussian war.
What were the tensions in the Balkans?
The major powers influenced the Balkans, and increased tensions between powerful nation-states. There were also religious conflicts between Christian nations and the Ottoman empire.
What is Serbian nationalism? What is the Black Hand, and what inspired their endeavors.
The Black Hand (nationalist group in Serbia) wished to unite Slavic people with the Balkans. they wanted to kill Archduke Ferdinand. They were inspired by Germany/Italy.
Who kills the Archduke, and why is this important to igniting WW1?
Princip kills the Archduke to express national interests in Sarajevo. This increases tensions and becomes the catalyst for WW1.
What is the Triple Entente, and who are its members?
Italy, Britain, Canada, France, Russia, and the United States.
What is the Triple Alliance and who are its members?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, …
What is Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan? (Three themes it was based upon)
1918, Wilson showed his vision for European peace through a plan that was based upon self-determination, diplomacy, and collective security.
What were Wilson’s 14 points?
Open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, reduction of armaments, adjustment of colonial claims, give back conquered territories to Russia, Belgian sovereignty, give back French land, redraw Italian borders, divide Austria-Hungary, redraw Balkans, limits of Turkey, Poland, and the League of Nations.
What was the Paris Peace conference (1919)?
This occurred in Versailles, and the purpose was to sign a treaty to end WW1.
What was the Treaty of Versailles? Who was excluded?
4 countries negotiated the Treaty of Versailles. Italy, Britain, France, and the US. Germany and Japan were excluded.
What did France want to do after the war? (The peace, moderate, revenge spectrum)
Clemenceau wanted revenge and for Germany to make reparations.
What did USA want to do after the war? (The peace, moderate, revenge spectrum)
USA wanted peace, and didn’t want Germany to pay.
What did UK want to do after the war? (The peace, moderate, revenge spectrum)
They were moderate, and wished to preserve Poland’s land.
What did Italy want to do after the war? (The peace, moderate, revenge spectrum)
Moderate, wanted the promised land for switching sides.
Which country’s national interests were reflected in the Treaty of Versailles and what were they?
France’s national desires won, and Germany will have to pay for the war. France chose national interests over international interests.
