Unit 3: Medical Entomology Flashcards
Prevent and control vector-borne diseases by eliminating disease vectors, reservoirs, blocking transmission of pathogens to susceptible hosts, and protecting susceptible hosts
goals of the medical entomology program
What instruction outlines the pest management program for the base civil engineer?
AFI 32–1053
What instruction outlines the Air Force’s Medical Entomology Program?
AFI 48–102
Who establishes the surveillance frequencies for disease vectors?
Aerospace Medicine Council
What are primary PH tasks during an aerial spray mission?
Educating the public and pre- and post-treatment vector surveillance
Provide technical information concerning the safe storage and use of pesticides and review integrated pest management plan before submission to MAJCOM/CE. Monitors acquisition, storage, and environmental impact of pesticides for CE pest management shop, commissary and Base Exchange
BE responsibilities in the medical entomology program
The science of classification
taxonomy
What is the next lower subdivision of a phylum?
Class
What subdivision comes after order?
Family
What subdivision is before genus?
Family
In most cases, what is the last major division in the classification system?
Species
What is the stiff outer skeleton in arthropods called?
Exoskeleton
What are the three regions of an insect’s body?
The head, thorax, and abdomen
What are the four stages of complete metamorphosis?
Egg, larva, pupa, and adult
A brief description of anatomical features used to identify insects
written insect key
Which organisms does the Air Force consider “pests?”
Organisms that are in the wrong place at the wrong time
A combination of control techniques to prevent or suppress pests
integrated pest management
What form of pest control relies on changing the environment?
Cultural
Using methods to kill or separate arthropods from their food source
“mechanical” pest control
Who may use “restricted use” pesticides?
A certified applicator, or someone under the supervision of a certified applicator
Which type of pesticides has a low toxicity for mammals and is widely replacing all other types of pesticides?
Pyrethroids
Where do mosquito larvae develop?
In water
What percentage of adult mosquitoes are typically male?
50%
What sex of mosquito has bushy antennae?
Male
What mosquito genera are the two primary vectors of encephalitis in CONUS?
Culex and Aedes
What is the most common mosquito-borne disease in CONUS?
West Nile encephalitis
Which encephalitis group includes Snowshoe Hare, LaCrosse, and Jamestown Canyon viruses?
California
What are thought to be the most common reservoirs of WNV, SLE, EEE, and WEE?
Wild birds
What is another name for dengue fever?
Break bone fever
What genus of mosquito transmits dengue fever?
Aedes
What are the three control measures for dengue fever?
Education, vector avoidance, and environmental clean up
What are the symptoms of yellow fever?
Fever, headache, backache, jaundice, and internal bleeding
P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. Knowelsi
five species of malaria
What are the three stages of malaria?
Cold, hot, and profuse sweating
What is the incubation period for falciparum malaria?
10 to 18 days
What form of malaria can cause rapid death if left untreated?
Falciparum malaria
What forms of malaria have relapses?
Vivax, malariae, and ovale
What chemoprophylaxis for malaria is typically prescribed for flight crew?
Malarone® and Doxycycline
What should you complete prior to establishing or revitalizing your surveillance program?
Conduct a baseline entomology survey
What are the important things to remember when locating the adult mosquito traps on base?
Locate them between populated areas and breeding sources, away from competing light sources, protected from wind, and approximately 6 feet above ground
What device is used to collect live specimens in adult mosquito traps?
A net
What does the SSAM trap use to attract mosquitoes?
Light, CO2, or light and CO2
What are the advantages of a CO2-baited trap over a light-baited SSAM trap?
CO2 traps attract more species of mosquitoes, larger numbers of mosquitoes and more female mosquitoes
Why would you operate a CO2-baited trap during daylight hours?
To catch the species of mosquitoes that are active in the late morning and early evening
Generally, when should you sample larval mosquito collection sites?
Weekly
What two mosquito species are collected primarily with an ovitrap?
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
What is a TI?
The average number of females caught per trap night
What is an STI?
The average population of a specific species or particular group of mosquitoes caught in a trap per trap night
What are the four types of mosquito control?
Cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological
What is one of the best mosquito cultural control methods?
Filling in low-lying wet areas with gravel and dirt to eliminate breeding sites
What are the two methods of chemical control used on adult mosquitoes?
Residual treatment and fogging
What predator is most widely used for feeding on mosquito larvae?
Gambusia affinis
In many cases, what is your best defense against vectorborne disease?
Personal protection
What are the common names for the three distinct varieties of lice that infect humans?
Head, body, and crab or pubic lice
What is the most medically important louse?
Body louse
What is the most effective method of prevention for all lice?
Education
What are the two major categories of flies?
Biting flies and filth flies
To which of the two major groups of flies does a sand fly belong?
Biting
On or by their mouthparts, through vomitus, on their body hairs, on the sticky pads of their feet, and through their feces
five ways flies spread diseases
What is the most effective fly control measure?
Proper sanitation to eliminate breeding places
In what insect order are fleas classified?
Siphonaptera
What diseases are fleas responsible for transmitting?
Plague and endemic typhus
What are the two major groups of ticks?
Hard and soft
What are the four major groups of diseases that are spread by ticks?
Rickettsial bacteria, spirochete bacteria, other bacteria and viruses
Use small forceps or tweezers to grasp as far forward on the mouthparts as possible, and then carefully pull it off with an upward even pressure
most effective method for removing a tick
What stage are chiggers in when they feed on humans and animals?
Larval
What are the two major groups of diseases transmitted by mites?
Scrub typhus and rickettsial pox
What species of mite transmits scrub typhus?
Chigger
Which mites burrow and live in human skin?
Scabies
What color are German cockroaches?
Pale yellowish brown or tan
Where are American cockroaches most often found?
In commercial establishments
Why are Oriental cockroach populations at a somewhat lower level?
They reproduce at a slower rate than the other species
How many venomous snakes are there in the United States?
More than 20
Hemolytic toxin, neurotoxin, urticating toxin, vesicating toxin, and hemorrhagic toxin
five basic types of venom that arthropods and snakes produce
What three things do venomous arthropods do to cause pain and swelling?
Bite, sting, or produce fluids
What type of venom produces blisters on the skin?
Vesicating toxin
What is the one control method that is effective against all venomous arthropods?
Avoidance
What is the most common species of mouse?
House mouse
What do the droppings (feces) of a house mouse look like?
Small and rod shaped
Black to slate gray; tawny above with a grayish white belly; and tawny above with a white to lemon-colored belly
three color patterns found in roof rats
Plague leptospirosis, hantaviruses, scrub typhus, tularemia, salmonellosis, rat-bite fever, and rat meningeal worms
rodent-borne diseases that can be related to rodent infestations
What are the three types of plague that affect humans?
Bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic
Which of the three types of plague affects the lymph nodes?
Bubonic
When did the Air Force establish the Plague Surveillance Prevention Program?
1977
What are the symptoms with most cases of leptospirosis?
Either there are no symptoms, or symptoms are mild and flu-like
What is the case fatality proportion for hantavirus infections?
40 to 70 percent
Where in CONUS have cases of hantavirus occurred?
20 western states and sporadically in eastern regions
Besides sighting a rodent, what is one of the best indicators of a rodent infestation?
The presence of rat or mouse feces
What color are rodent feces, typically?
The color varies according to the kind of food eaten, but it is usually black
How wide are rat and mouse pathways?
2 to 3 inches
Where are most rodent rub marks found?
Along walls, under boards, behind stored objects and accumulated litter, and in similar places
How can you determine if a rodent run is new or old?
Fresh rub marks and smears are soft when you scratch them; old ones are brittle and may flake off
To identify tracks, how deep do you spread powder (or flour) on a rodent run?
1/8-inch or less
What type of trap is recommended for trapping rodents around children and in food service facilities?
Glue board
Place them into a 5-ml blood-collection vial containing 70-percent alcohol; push rubber stopper into neck of the vile; and remove the air bubble by topping off the alcohol
packing ectoparasites for shipment
