Unit 3 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Which is not part of the skeleton system?
a. Bone marrow.
b. Ligaments.
c. Tendons.
d. Blood.
Blood
The bone is broken, but does not protrude through the skin. This is also known as a closed fracture
simple fracture
The broken bone does protrude through the skin. This is also known as an open fracture
compound fracture
This fracture exists when many small pieces and bone chips have been created
comminuted fracture
This type of fracture results from tremendous forces that cause the bone to telescope
within itself
compression fracture
What is the point on which applied muscle action results in motion?
Insertion
Which part of the muscle is the fixed or stationary attachment of the muscle to the skeleton?
origin
Which part of the muscle is the large, fleshy prominence that forms the bulk of the muscle?
belly
This microscopic method of
contraction involving the proteins actin and myosin is called
the sliding filament mechanism
This can store oxygen until it is
needed by the muscle cell
myoglobin
Wasting away of muscle is called
atrophy
The process of increasing both the size and number of
muscle fibers is called
hypertrophy
In addition to transporting different gases, hormones, nutrients, and waste products around the body, this system helps regulate body temperature
Circulatory system
The top layer and the least dense component of blood is called
plasma
This thin layer of blood is a whitish layer that contains the leukocytes and platelets
buffy coat
The bottom layer and densest component of blood is called
erythrocytes
Platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes make up the
formed elements of blood
The blood group containing B antigens and anti-A antibodies is group
B
The blood group containing A antigens and anti-B
antibodies is group
A
The blood group containing both A and B antigens
but no antibodies is group
AB
The blood group containing no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies is group
O
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which blood vessel carries blood towards the heart?
ventricles
If there is an insufficient volume of blood to meet the body’s needs, the condition is known as
circulatory shock
The common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
The main function of the larynx is
phonation
The destruction of lung tissue making less tissue available for gas exchange
Emphysema
An allergic response causing a narrowing of the small
airways making it difficult to move air in and out
asthma
As WBCs and fluids
accumulate in the lungs, gas exchange is impaired
Pneumonia
Protein digestion begins
with the release of the enzyme pepsin into the stomach
In which area of the digestive tract does the greatest nutrient absorption take place?
Small intestine.
An example of a vestigial organ is the
appendix
Which organ secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine?
Pancreas
As PH technicians we are primarily concerned with this gland because they are the target of the mumps virus
and become quite swollen when inflamed
Parotid salivary glands
What organ produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats, and excretes bilirubin, which is a
breakdown product formed from the hemoglobin in RBC
liver
This organ stores concentrated bile and releases it when it is needed to digest a high fat meal
gallbladder
How much filtrate does it take to produce approximately 1 milliliter (ml) of urine under
normal kidney function?
125 ml
The meatus is part of which structure in the male?
Urethra
Which male structure is an external pendulous sac containing the testes and epididymis
scrotum
Which male structure is where sperm enters for final maturation and storage
Epididymis
A gland that secretes nutrients for sperm
Seminal vesicles
This male structure secretes a fluid to increase the motility of the sperm and protects sperm from the acid environment of the female tract
prostate
A fibrous tube between the vagina and uterus
cervix
This female structure nourishes the implanted
embryo during pregnancy
uterus
Hollow tubes which stem from each side of the uterus
Fallopian tubes
Two oval-shaped structures located in the abdominal cavity on each side of the uterus.
These organs produce the female sex cells called ova and the female hormones,
estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
What are the fringe-like structures that draw ovum into the fallopian tubes?
Fimbriae
Which process is not continuous?
a. Spermatogenesis.
b. Menstruation.
c. Oogenesis.
d. Ovulation.
c. Oogenesis
Which process is continuous?
a. Spermatogenesis.
b. Menstruation.
c. Oogenesis.
d. Ovulation.
a. Spermatogenesis
Fertilization occurs in the
fallopian tube
At how many weeks in the development of a fetus the fetal heart is pumping blood, the spinal cord and digestive system are forming, and arm and leg buds are present
4
At how many weeks in the development of a fetus are fingers and toes forming?
8
Substances that cause physical defects in the developing embryo are called
teratogens
Which substances reduce the numbers of sperm or ova in the body?
Gametotoxins
Which substance is capable of causing cancer?
Carcinogens
Which substance disrupt the cell’s DNA resulting in a genetic defect?
Mutagens
This term refers to the physical
changes that can be measured and occur in a steady and orderly manner
growth
This term relates to changes in psychological and social functioning
development
Rapid physical, psychological, and social development characterize this period
Infant growth and development (birth to 1 year)
A toddler is expected to weigh four times the birth weight at age
24 months
In this stage, the child shows increased independence and
intellectual development
Preschool growth and development—3 to 6 years
School is the greatest event that takes place during this
stage
Middle childhood growth and development—6 to 8 years
This stage is also known as preadolescence
Late childhood growth and development—9 to 12 years
This stage is usually the period of separation from parents and the establishment of lifetime goals
Adolescent growth and development–12 to 20 years
This stage is usually a time when people look back at the goals that have been accomplished so far
Middle adult growth and development—40 to 65 years
An increase in life expectancy has led to the creation of
gerontology—the scientific study of the problems of aging
Chemical substances secreted into body fluids, usually the bloodstream, and they exert
physiologic control on other cells of the body are called
hormones
Secretion of hormones is controlled by a process known as
negative feedback
Is called the master gland because it controls the secretions of so many other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
What is the condition where too much thyroxine is produced?
Hyperthyroidism
What is the condition where too little thyroxine is produced?
hypothyroidism
What is the condition characterized by swelling
of the thyroid gland?
goiter
This produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, the body’s “fight or flight” response
Adrenal glands
Which hormone controls the production of testosterone in the male?
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which hormone regulates sperm production in the male?
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The pancreas secretes two hormones, insulin and
glucagon
Which neuron process carries impulses away from the cell body?
axons
Which neuron process carries impulses towards the cell body?
dendrites
Which neurons are responsible from transmitting the impulses they receive from the spinal cord and brain and transmitting to all of the body?
sensory neurons
Which neurons are responsible for transmitting away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glandular tissue?
motor neurons
Which neuron has the important job of
transmitting impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons?
interneurons
Which contains insulating myelin coatings and is found in the spinal cord?
White matter
Which contains cell bodies and is found in the cerebrum?
Gray matter
What protects the brain beneath the skull and the spinal cord beneath the vertebral column?
Meninges
What provides a protective layer within and around the brain and spinal cord?
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What chemical substance crosses the synapse and enables the impulse to move from one neuron to the next?
Acetylcholine
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has four primary functions; sensation, protection, secretion, and
temperature regulation
Up to how many liters of fluid per hour can be lost through sweat under very hot conditions?
4
Reddening of the skin is called
erythema
Inflammation of the skin is called
Dermatitis
Swelling is called
Induration
A blister filled with pus is called
Pustule
A blister or elevation filled with fluid, not pus, is a
vesicle
An erosion of the skin surface is called
Ulcer
Reddened, solid elevation of the skin is called
Papule
A reddened, flat spot on the skin is called
Macule
The white protective layer on the outside of the eyeball is the
sclera
The clear protective layer on the front of the eyeball is called the
cornea
This part of the eye contains the receptor cells known as the rods and cones
retina
Which is an example of an anatomical defense mechanism?
Phagocytes
Which immunity produces antibodies following an actual infection?
Naturally acquired active immunity
Which immunity produces antibodies in response to vaccination
Artificially acquired active immunity
Which immunity acquire antibodies via natural transfer (i.e. antibodies may pass from the immune mothers
to the fetuses across the placental barrier)?
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Which immunity consist of antibodies that were produced in one person and injected into another?
Artificially acquired passive immunity
This type of immunity is when antibodies produced by another person are passed on to the recipient
Passive immunity
This type of immunity is when the body actively produces antibodies in response to an exposure of an agent
Active immunity
The diagnosis of disease by detection of antibodies in the blood (serum) is called
serology
Any foreign substance that stimulates the body to produce an immune response is called an
antigen
Antibodies are frequently called
immunoglobulins
Which antibody is usually the first to respond to an infection?
IgM.
Which antibody is the only antibody small enough to cross the placenta in the
immune mother; involved in
secondary response to infection and immunization; neutralize toxins and viruses in the bloodstream and in tissues?
IgG
Which antibody occupies a unique position among the immunoglobulin in that it is found in body secretions?
IgA
Which antibody is responsible for allergic responses and believed to be important in the activation of B cells
IgE
What is the cell that protects the body from infection once a foreign agent has entered
lymphocyte
What produces chemicals that recruit other cells such as phagocytes in the immune
response?
T-Lymphocytes
What is the basis for humoral immunity, that is, immunity involving antibodies?
B-lymphocyte
Lymph vessels empty into which structure?
Lymphatic ducts
This structure act as a filter, removing foreign substances from the lymph as it passes through
lymph nodes
