Unit 3 list 3 Cell Energy VLH

Question 1

Autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

Question 2

Light Dependent Reactions

Answer 2

use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

the natural compound present in green plants that gives them their color

Question 4

Photosynthesis

Answer 4

the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy

Question 5

Calvin cycle

Answer 5

a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain

Question 7

NADPH

Answer 7

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is an essential electron donor in all organisms, and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions and redox balance

Question 8

Pigment

Answer 8

a substance that gives color to other materials

Question 9

Granum

Answer 9

a stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Question 10

Stomata

Answer 10

a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere

Question 11

Carbon Fixation

Answer 11

the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms

Question 12

Heterotrophs

Answer 12

A heterotroph is an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

Question 13

Thylakoids

Answer 13

tiny compartments found inside of chloroplasts

Question 14

Carotenoids

Answer 14

pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria

Question 15

Stroma

Answer 15

the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels.

Question 16

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 16

the inner space surrounded by the mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 17

Aerobic respiration

Answer 17

the aerobic catabolism of nutrients to carbon dioxide, water, and energy

Question 18

Fermentation

Answer 18

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

Question 19

NAD+

Answer 19

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a central metabolic coenzyme/cosubstrate involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production

Question 20

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 20

a biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some kinds of bacteria, or a few other microorganisms to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Question 21

Glycolysis

Answer 21

occurs in the cytoplasm where one 6 carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to generate two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate

Question 22

NADH

Answer 22

NADH stands for “nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H).” It occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy

Question 23

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 23

occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than aerobic respiration

Question 24

Cellular respiration

Answer 24

a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 25

Krebs cycle

Answer 25

present in every cell that uses oxygen to produce energy

Question 26

Pyruvic acid

Answer 26

an acid that is formed from carbohydrates during the process of glycolysis

Question 27

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 27

serves as the mitochondrial hub for the final steps in carbon skeleton oxidative catabolism for carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids