Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity Flashcards
allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
centromere
the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.
chromosome
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
codon (chart)
, shows all of the possible three letter combinations of mRNA nucleotides, and for which amino acid each combination codes for.
crossing over
a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.
daughter cell
the cells that are formed after cell division.
deletion
the removal or obliteration of written or printed matter, especially by drawing a line through it.
DNA
the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
diploid
(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
fertilization
a complex multi-step process that is complete in 24 hours.
frameshift
a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.
gene mutation
a change in one or more genes.
gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.
gene
The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.
genetic variation
the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes.
genetic code
the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
haploid
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.
homologous chromosome
pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical.
independent assortment
describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
insertion
he action of inserting something.
meiosis
a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
meiosis I
a type of cell division unique to germ cells,
meiosis II
a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis
mutagen
In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
mutation
Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.
nondisjunction
the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
offspring
a person’s child or children.
parent cell
A cell that is the source of other cells,
replication
the action of copying or reproducing something.
point mutation
occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed.
sexual reproduction
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.
somatic cell
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
substitution
the action of replacing someone or something with another person or thing.
trisomy
a chromosomal condition characterised by an additional chromosome.
trait
a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.
