cell energy Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
Light Reactions
the reaction of something, especially the iris of the eye, to different intensities of light.
Chlorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Calvin cycle
the cycle of enzyme-catalyzed dark reactions of photosynthesis that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and in many bacteria
Electron Transport Chain
a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy.
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Pigment
the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Granum
a stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
Stomata
a pore or aperture surrounded by two guard cells that allow gas exchange.
Carbon Fixation
the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms.
Heterotrophs
an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
Thylakoids
pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
Carotenoids
a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
Mitochondrial matrix
The mitochondrion consists of an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a gel-like material called the matrix.
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
NAD+
essential for creating cellular energy and maintaining cellular health.
Alcoholic fermentation
a biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Glycolysis
a set of reactions that converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate
NADH
a coenzyme found in all living cells;
Anaerobic respiration
the oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation using exogenously derived terminal (or alternate) electron acceptors other than oxygen.
Cellular respiration
a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP.
Krebs cycle
present in every cell that uses oxygen to produce energy.
Pyruvic acid
a by-product of glucose metabolism.
ATP
the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
Citric acid
an organic compound with the skeletal formula HOC(CO 2H)(CH 2CO 2H) 2.
ADP
a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates unlike ATP which has 3
